English Grammar Course

Chapter I
Introduction to grammar
 Issues
1. Introduction to Grammar

2. Parts of speech

3. Parts of a sentence

4. Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

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1 Introduction to Grammar

Grammar

In global sense

In narrow sense
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1 Introduction to Grammar

Grammar

In global sense
• equals competence, a body of knowledge that a
native speaker has about his/her language which
Inhim/her
enables narrowto sense
speak and understand it.
• includes word and sentence structure rules,
pronunciation rules, meaning of words/ sentences,
and discourse organization rules.
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1 Introduction to Grammar

Grammar • refers only to the information of the word and sentence

structures.
•In global
consists sense
of morphology, the study of words and word
formation, and syntax, the study of phrases, clauses,
and sentences.

In narrow sense
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2 Parts of speech
Parts of speech

Closed system •
Open class
comprises functional words such as
articles, demonstratives, pronouns
prepositions, conjunctions, and
interjections
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2 Parts of speech
Parts of speech

Closed system Features: Open class

• unextendable number of members
• reciprocally exclusive
• reciprocally defining
• unstressed in spoken language
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2 Parts of speech
Parts of speech

• Closed system
comprises notional/ lexical words
Open class

such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs
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2 Parts of speech
Parts of speech

Closed system
Features: Open class
• extendable number of members
• combinability
• having certain syntactic functions
• stressed words in spoken language
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3 Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence

Subject Predicate Operator

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3 Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence

Subject Predicate Operator

What is being discussed – theme.
E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle
every day.
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3 Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech

Subject Predicate Operator

What is being said about the subject – rheme.

E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle

every day.
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3 Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech

Subject
What Predicate
helps to change a sentence into: Operator
- interrogative
E.g.: Do her parents visit her every day?
- negative
E.g.: Her parents do not visit her every day.
- emphatic
E.g.: Her parents do visit her every day.
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3 Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech

Subject Predicate Operator

•include BE & HAVE
E.g.: I am a student and I have a part-time job. Lexical verbs
• include BE & HAVE
Primary
E.g.: I am cooking. Auxiliaries
• include will, shall, Modal
should, can, might, etc.

E.g.: I can cook.

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3 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
Subject
Predicator
Object
Complement

Adverbial
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3 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
+ Cs (1)
Subject Intensive
+ A (obli)
(2)
Verb
intransitive
mono-transitive
Object Extensive
(3)
(4)

Complement transitive di-transitive (5)

complex-transitive
Adverbial (6,7)
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3 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements He is lovely. SVCs (1)

intensive
He is out of the office. SVA (obli)
Subject
(2)

Verb He is crying. SV (3) intransitive extensive

He broke the vase. SVO (4) transitive

Object
He sent me an e-mail. SVOO (5)
Complement
He found the play SVOCo (6)
boring.
Adverbial He put the vase on SVOA (obli)
the table.
(7)
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3 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
Subject Stative Not progressive form

Verb E.g.: The food he cooked tasted very

Object good.
Dynamic Progressive form

Complement
E.g.: She is tasting the food he’s cooked.
Adverbial
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3 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
direct (Od)
Object
indirect (Oi)
Complement

Adverbial E.g.: He sent me (Oi) a postcard (Od).

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3 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
Subject E.g.: His brother who is a teacher (Cs)

Verb considers me his best friend (Co).

Object Subject Complement (Cs)

Complement
Object Complement (Co)
Adverbial
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3 Parts of a sentence

Sentence elements
Subject
Verb
E.g.: He goes fishing on Tuesday. (Aopt)
Object
His birthday is on Tuesday. (A obli)
Complement
optional
Adverbial
obligatory
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4 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

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4 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

Noun phrase E.g.: All these books are mine.

Verb phrase E.g.: John has been looking for Jane.

Adjective phrase E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man.

Adverb phrase E.g.: He ran quite fast.

Prepositional phrase E.g.: He’s lecturing on the new technology.

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4 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

In terms of Clause’s In terms of functions of In terms of kinds of verb
elements & verb patterns the clause phrases
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4 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

In terms of Clause’s • In terms of
SVA: functions
John of
is at home In terms of kinds of verb
elements & verb patterns • SVCs: theJohn
clause
is a doctor. phrases
• SVO: John has cured many serious patients.
• SVOO: He gives his patients the same
prescription.
• SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file.
• SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish.
• SV: He’s going out.
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4 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

In terms of Clause’s In terms of functions of In terms of kinds of verb
elements & verb patterns the clause phrases

• Finite clause
E.g.: He took her out of the blue.
• Non-finite clause
E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents.
• Verbless clause
E.g.: If possible, come to see us.
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4 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

In terms of Clause’s In terms of functions of In terms of kinds of verb
elements & verb patterns
• Subordinate the clause phrases
• Superordinate
E.g.: She said that you hit her first.
subordinate
superordinate
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4 Types of phrases, clauses, sentences

Syntax

Phrase Clause Sentence

E.g.: All these books are mine. Simple
E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking. Compound
E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in Complex
the London workshop.
Complex compound
E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the
child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes
and looked at the stranger.
 Related Readings

 Quirk, R. (2016), A University Grammar

of English, Pearson EducationNelson,
G. (2019), English: An Essential
Grammar, 3rd edition, Routledge