Week -6Th

Integrated infrastructure planning: The

Ethiopian Experience
• Contents:
• Study includes major characteristics of
developing countries in terms of challenges
and opportunities.
• Ethiopian system of urban planning and
infrastructural designs for various levels.
• Different stakeholders in the process of
cooperation, integration and participation.
 Learning outcomes
• Having completed this session participants will be able to:
• Appreciate the features of urban infrastructure in
developing countries.
• Know about the role of integrated infrastructures in
accelerating the pace of socio-economic development.
• Analyze the necessity of short as well as long term plans.
• Analyze the implementation of IUIP in the context of
climate change.
• Discuss the Ethiopian experience of integration in the field
of urban infrastructures.
 Urban Infrastructure in Developing
Countries: Essential features
• Most cities of the developing countries are faced with
various problems of which:
 high incidences of poverty and unemployment,
 poorly developed infrastructure,
 inadequate public services,
 acute and ever worsening shelter deficits and accelerated
environmental deterioration tend to be significant.
• These problems are mainly the result of the
• Mismatch between their rates of population growth and
their paces of economic development.
 Integrated Urban Infrastructures accelerate the
pace of & economic development.
• Urban infrastructure is invariably linked with productivity of
urban economies and macro economic development.
Therefore,
• That is why upgrading and integrating of urban
infrastructure has received increasing attention over the
past few years.
• The focus on integrated urban infrastructure planning is
particularly visible among developing countries.
• Serious efforts are, however, needed to enhance the
productivity of their economies through improved provision of
infrastructures and their integration (Kulwant singh et al, 1996)
Urban infrastructure in the developing world
suffers from lack of integration
• However, urban infrastructure in the developing world is often
subjected to
 haphazard planning,
 disjointed implementation and
 poor post installation management.
o Usually inadequate attention is given to the
o interdependencies between infrastructure systems,
o the urban functions to be served and
o to the sustainability of the facilities.
• The outcome is poor facility functions, early deterioration and
unwanted settlement development,
• Implying wasteful use of scarce resources.
 Status of Urban Infrastructure in Ethiopia

• Likewise, in the case of Ethiopia:

 The supply of infrastructure and services is continually
lagging behind the population growth rate.
 Ethiopian Urban centers are characterized by, among
others, lack/shortage of basic urban infrastructure and
services.
 In addition to that urban Infrastructures are not
scientifically integrated.
 They also lack integration among institutions,
stakeholders and the community.
 Status of Urban Infrastructure in Ethiopia
(Contd.)
• It is also vividly observed that the existing scanty
infrastructure and services in some urban centers of
Ethiopia are deteriorating.
• Mainly as a result of poor design and installation practices
and due to lack of timely maintenance.
• On top of this,
• Lack of coordinated and integrated infrastructure and
services planning and
• Implementation has exacerbated the problems observed
in the infrastructure development effort of the country.
 Integrated Urban Infrastructure and Services
Plan (IUISP)
• In the Ethiopian urban planning system:
• IUISP may be conceived at two major levels.
Integrated Urban Infrastructure and Services
Plan
• First, it may be conceived as part or an
outcome of a city-wide holistic urban
structure plan/master plan/development
plan.
Integrated Urban Infrastructure and Services
Plan (IUISP)- Contd.
• At this level, IUISP is a long term plan
having a similar time and spatial horizon as
the structure plan.
• Here, IUISP can also be conceived as plan
which concerns only a part of an urban
center and is as such, limited to a locality,
e.g. an LDP area or an UURP area.
Short, medium and long term IUISP Plan
• Second, IUISP could also be conceived as a short term/
medium term municipal plan that is extracted from the
long term IUISP plan.
• It is based on this level of planning that projects are
designed and implemented for developing cities/ towns in
an integrated manner.
• Thus, integrating infrastructures across time and across
localities is of paramount importance.
• In the absence of such a approach cities incur repeated
losses on laying the same infrastructures in different cities
of Ethiopia.
 Cooperation: an essential element in
integration of infrastructures
• Cooperation:
• Denotes the willingness to work together in order to
meet common objectives,
• It is achieved through the good will of stakeholders in
the development of infrastructure and services without
any guiding procedures, rules and regulations.
• Cooperation of planners, stakeholders, local community
and their future needs to be accommodated for making
provisions of infrastructures and their integration.
 Co-ordination: A must for interconnection
and integration
• Coordination:
• Relates to harmonize a common plan of
action or to create a harmonious interaction
among the stakeholders that are involved in
infrastructure and services development in
towns and cities.
• It is achieved based on the adoption of certain
procedures and guidelines set by the nation.
Integration: Efficiency and scale of economy

• Integration: means brining together into one.

• It requires both cooperation and coordination.
• In order to work, It also calls for the existence of a
single formalized decision making system and the
procedures that facilitate the existence of such a system.
• Integration potentially allows for more effective and efficient
use of resources without compromising the needs of future.
• ln order to achieve a given set of objectives, integration may
take three forms, which are:
 Inter- sectoral, Intra- sectoral and spatial contexts of
integration.
 Intra-sectoral integration
• Integration within an infrastructure
sector/entity (intra-sectoral integration):
• For example integration within road sector
between Road Authority (arterial and sub
arterial road) and
• Local government and community initiatives
(local and collector road) .
• So that it does not compete rather complement
in the order or hierarchy of infrastructures.
 Inter-sectoral integration
• Integration between infrastructure entities (inter-
sectoral integration);
• Integration between different sectors/infrastructure
entities: such as road, drainage, sewerages, power
lines and telecommunication lines
• Integration for smooth functioning of each one
without compromising the efficiencies of other
sectors.
• Inter- sectoral integration of infrastructures makes it
economical, efficient and location/ site specific.
 Integration of infrastructure with other
urban development sectors/ land uses
• Integration of infrastructure with other urban
development sectors such as :
• Housing, business, industrial areas etc (which is also an
inter-sectoral integration).
• Integrated infrastructure planning is a tool for
implementing housing, business and industrial
development in the planning process of urban areas.
• Based on the specific needs of each land use such as
parking space in the business area, public transport for
residential localities and depots and connectivity to raw
material and markets for industrial zones.
 Participation of stake holders, communities
and peoples
• Participation:
 is the process through which stakeholders' influence and share
decision making in the investment programs of Integrated
Infrastructure and Service Development planning.
 Communities such as business, industry and local residents
participate for their interests to be served not only for the time
being but for the long time to come.
 People of locality with different age groups, income groups,
gender and specially challenged groups are duly represented in
the participation.
 So that provision for such special facilities could provided for the
special needs peoples.
 Infrastructure: Basic need of planning
provision
Infrastructure:
• is defined to denote the hard component that comprises all systems of
urban physical structure that are mainly laid under the ground (e.g.
water mains) and on the ground (e.g. roads) or above the ground (e.g.
telephone and electric lines) to provide public services and
conveniences.
• Infrastructure includes roads and drainage, utility lines (water supply,
electricity, telephone,) and facilities such as public transport
terminals, garages…etc .
• Since infrastructures are the life lines of the localities, they are of
paramount importance in planning the locality, society and economy.
• All precautions related to the sensitivity of the people, places and long
term interests of the localities need to be taken care of.
 Services: as facilitators to infrastructures

• Services are facilities such as:

• Surface for transport systems and their terminals,
• By passes, subways, fly overs
• Parking lots,
• Interchanges,
• Linkages
• Connections, etc.
• These are directly related to infrastructure.
 Level of infrastructure
• Level of infrastructure indicates
• The hierarchy of infrastructure which is
delivered or managed at a specific level:-
 Macro level : City level,
 Meso level: Sub city level and
 Micro/local level: Woreda/ Kebele level
 It could be further divided into localities such
as parks ,playgrounds and open spaces.
 Macro level infrastructures
• Macro level infrastructures are :
• Those that cross territorial boundaries of
federal, regional entities or cities such as
express ways, water ways, LRT and others.
• They are managed by macro institutions like
the Ethiopian Telecommunications
Corporation, the Ethiopian Electric Power
Corporation, the Ethiopian Roads Authority and
the Ethio-Djibouti Rail Way Company.
 Meso level infrastructures
•  Meso-level generally includes group-level characteristics :
• Which can be separated into “compositional” factors
(which people are found in an institution) such as
construction engineers, power/ electricity utility, waste
managers, sanitation workers and health workers.
• “contextual” ones (characteristics of an institution) such
as designs, linkages and connectivity.
• It could be a sub city level organization that is responsible
to attend to the infrastructural needs of the sub regions.
 Micro/Local level infrastructures
• Micro/Local level infrastructures are those that
can be supplied and managed within
• the local area by local actors like municipalities,
local government sectors, communities,
• CBOs and NGOs.
• It could be denoted by Woreda/ Kebele level
systems authorities and attendant staff to deal
with the demand at the locality level.
 Essence of Integrated Infrastructure
• Integrated Infrastructure :
• It denotes a state of affairs whereby different
infrastructures work in an integrated manner without causing
conflict of interests.
• Interventions are planned and implemented in a balanced
manner relative to one another.
• In terms of the urban functions they are supposed to serve.
• Although they are integrated and at one place, yet they
maintain their identity for further improvement, repair and
replacement without harming/ compromising other utilities/
infrastructures in place.
 MSIP
• Multi-Sectoral Investment Planning (MSIP)
• It is internationally developed
method/approach for setting investment
priorities:
• Across different sectors, different localities
and land uses to
• Improve the management of local capital
investment decision-making.
 Integrated Development Plan (IDP):
• Integrated Development Plan (IDP):
• It is a strategic planning instrument, which guides the
planning priorities of a locality.
• It leads and coordinates all planning works of a municipality
at the city level.
• The plan is framed to time specific and locality specific
physical and logical designs to be implemented.
• It ensures integration between and among the infrastructures
both at local as well as at the city level.
• It is thus a comprehensive plan urban development and a
guide for integration of infrastructures.
 Related UN reports
• UN-Habitat. (2013). Planning and Design for
Sustainable Urban Mobility. Global report on
human settlements 2013. New York: Routledge.
[Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org/planning-
and-design-for-sustainable-urban-mobility-global-
report-on-human-settlements-2013/, [15.01.2018.]
• UN-Habitat. (2016). UN-Habitat III - New Urban
Agenda, Quito. [Online]. Available: www.
habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda, [15.01.2018
 UN recommends
Integrated infrastructure planning
• Integrated urban infrastructure planning is the new informal
planning approach accepted globally.
• It is a target–oriented and implementation-oriented
strategic control instrument committed to serving public
interest, equal opportunities, and gender mainstreaming.
• Integrated urban infrastructure development planning is
based on the diversity of local conditions that proclaim the
planning process without uniform standards.
• The content and methods are determined by local challenges
and planning practices, supplemented by urban
development management.
 Implementation of IUIP in the context of
climate change
• Implementation of integrated infrastructure
planning is based on planning methodology,
recognized more through theory and less through
planning practice.
• Protection against floods in the context of climate
change implies making development decisions on
the basis of current and potential future risks of
extreme hydro-meteorological events particularly
in the urban areas of tropical world.
Redefine the problems, goals, and objectives
of IUIP
• There is a necessary interaction among the basic
planning steps that needs to be achieved in the
process of integrated urban infrastructure planning
and management for the sustainable development
and resilient urban space and environment.
• The whole planning process presents cycles in which
the steps and activities influence each other.
• Lack of integration may result in aggravating problems
to the community and overall financial burden on the
municipalities.
Problems and needs of the population at the
top of the integration in IUIP
• It is also necessary to ensure the participation
of all stakeholders in the development and
implementation of the plan.
• Strengthening participation through the
involvement of citizens in the planning and
decision-making process is an important
prerequisite to a comprehensive review of the
problems and needs of the population,
especially at the local level.
 IUIP plays crucial role to effectively guide and
promote urban development
• The development of urban infrastructure and municipal
services is of paramount importance for economic growth and
for the improvement of the quality of life in the cities of the
developing countries.
• However, the development and improvement of infrastructure
and services requires appropriate investment decisions and
effective utilization of scarce municipal resources.
• To this end, integrated infrastructure development planning
plays crucial role to effectively guide and promote urban
development as well as to significantly increase the gross
national product of developing countries
 IUISP Ethiopian urban planning system long
&short term
• In the Ethiopian urban planning system, IUISP may be
conceived at two major levels. First it may be conceived as
part or an outcome of a city-wide holistic urban structure
plan/master plan/development plan.
• At this level, IUISP is a long term plan having a similar time
and spatial horizon as the structure plan. Here, IUISP can
also be conceived as plan which concerns only a part of an
urban center and is as such, limited to a locality, e.g.
an LDP area or an UURP area.
• Second, IUISP could also be conceived as a short term/
medium term municipal plan that is extracted from the
long term IUISP plan.
• It is based on this level of planning that projects are
designed and implemented.
Inter sectoral ,Intra sectoral and inter locality
integration
• Integration within an infrastructure sector/entity (intra-
sectoral integration): for example integration within road sector
between Road Authority (arterial and sub arterial road) and local
government and community initiatives (local and collector road)
•  Integration between infrastructure entities (inter-
sectoral integration); integration between different
sectors/infrastructure entities.
•  Integration of infrastructure with other urban development
sectors housing, business, industrial areas etc (which is also inter-
sectoral integration). Integrated infrastructure planning is a tool
for implementing housing, business and industrial development
 Lack of integration
• The lack of integration of urban infrastructure and services planning
in Ethiopia could besaid to have its basis in three major areas:
• lack of technical know how, poor institutional arrangements and
weak legal frameworks
• .Recognizing these gaps, the Ministry of Works and Urban
Development has launched a5-years (2005/6-009/10) Urban
Development and Construction Industry Component ofPASDEP. The
plan emphasizes that there will be a huge investment in
infrastructure andservices. It further elaborates that the urban
infrastructure program will be strongly linkedto the Integrated
Housing Program and that it will contribute to creating jobs
andimproved access to land
 Lessons learnt (contd.)
• The situations of Ethiopian urban centers indicate that
their infrastructure, which is far from adequate in both
in quality and quantity is deteriorating at a rapid pace.
• Low funding, high rate of population growth, poor
quality control, inadequate inspection and
maintenance, and lack of consistency and uniformity
in design, construction, and operation practices, have
severely hampered urban infrastructure development
in the country.
• This situation calls for the following
 Lessons learnt (contd.)
• The planning and design should be used as a
tool and an aid to tackle the difficulties so far
encountered,
•  The use of a GIS based flow of information.
•  A strong legal framework.
•  The adoption of new technologies such
as trench-less excavations that minimize
damages due to street cuts.
 Lessons learnt (contd.)
• Optimal resources allocation
at the planning and implementation stages through
financial integration, institutional coordination and
collaborations.
•  Financial integration – Preparation
of a financially integrated program based on certain locality
(city, sub-city and/or kebele level)
•  Institutional Coordination
to follow the set standards, protect existing lines, laying
together different providers lines and/or placing ducts for
future provisions to minimize digging of the paved access
and cost of relocations/reconstructions
•  Collaboration to exchange experiences; borrow skilled man
power and heavy-duty machineries, and to develop a
jointly working behavior.
Questions, comments and suggestions

• Thank you