• : Who were the historic leaders in establishing

participant-oriented approaches and what did

they contribute?
 Characteristics of a Participant-Oriented
Approach
•
The evaluation is dependent on inductive
reasoning
• The evaluation utilizes data from multiple
sources
• The evaluation does not follow a standard plan
• The evaluation records multiple point-of-views
or perspectives
Three Theorists Involved in Approach

Egon Guba & Yvonne

Robert Stake Michael Q. Patton
Lincoln
 Advantages of This Approach
•  Gain new insights and usable theories
Educational, social or corporate programs
• Flexibility
Addresses user training as a feature of the assessment
Consideration to related variables
Numerous data collection techniques
• Empowers stakeholders
Reaches even those who are at times left out of the evaluation
process
Add a political constituent Cultivates activism(Fitzpatrick,
Sanders, and Worthen, 2004)
 Disadvantages of This Approach
• Subjective
Relies heavily on human observation and personal
perspective
• Expensive
• Labor-intensive
• Time-consuming and extensive
• Evaluator loses objectivity
may become caught up in advocacy
trends(Fitzpatrick, Sanders, and Worthen, 2004)
 Scenarios for Use of Participant-Oriented
Evaluation
• Social reform
• Evaluating programs
developed to improve the environment
• Education
Evaluating new and existing instructional programs on all levels
Evaluating instructional materials
Evaluating professional development
• Corporations
Evaluating new and existing training programs
• Government
Evaluating programs
• Whenever qualitative formative evaluation is conducted