Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Colin Groves
School of Archaeology & Anthropology
Australian National University
1858
Light will be thrown on the origin of
man and his history. - Darwin, 1859. On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the
Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
Darwin’s insights about human
relationships and evolution
• infectious diseases
• embryology
• anatomical changes
• biogeography
• adaptive radiation
• technological advances
Man is liable to receive from the lower animals, and to
communicate to them, certain diseases, as hydrophobia,
variola, the glanders, syphilis, cholera, herpes, &c. - Darwin,
1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. (p.8)
chimpanzee human
valgu
s
knee
Gibbons
Asia P. p. pygmaeus
Pongo pygmaeus P. p. wurmbii
P. p. morio
Pongo abelii
G. g. gorilla
Gorilla gorilla G. g. diehli
Africa
12-14
Ma G. b. beringei
Gorilla beringei G. b. graueri
P. t. verus
8-10 Ma P. t. vellerosus
Pan troglodytes P. t. troglodytes
P. t. schweinfurthii
P. t. marungensis
6-7 Pan paniscus
Ma
Homo sapiens
According to Darwin’s argument,
this area should (parsimoniously)
Except this one:
The fossil record: Graecopithecus
between the time of the
separation of the gorilla line
and the separation of the
chimpanzee and human lines,
almost all relevant fossils*are
African
Nakalipithecus
closely related to
Graecopithecus
Sahelanthropu
s
Samburupithecus
*although
there are not
• Remember, if you will, that there is
no existing link between Man and
the Gorilla, but do not forget that
there is a no less sharp line of
demarcation, a no less complete
absence of any transitional form,
between the Gorilla and the Orang,
or the Orang and the Gibbon.
• - Huxley, T. H. 1863. On the relations of man to the
lower animals. Man's Place in Nature. Reprinted in
Man's Place in Nature and other Anthropological
Essays, 1890 (p. 145).
Hugh Falconer in 1864 popularises
this “Missing Link”
• An unusual human skull had been discovered in
Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar, in 1848.
• The palaeontologist Falconer, a friend of Darwin,
examined it in 1864, and found it to be similar to the
skull discovered in the Neanderthal, Germany, in
1856.
• In a letter to a relative (published posthumously in
1868), he wrote:
• If you hear any remarks made, you may say from
me, that I do not regard this priscan pithecoid
man as the "missing link" so to speak. It is a
case of a very low type of humanity -- very low
and savage, and of extreme antiquity -- but still
man, and not a halfway step between man and
monkey.
Now there are links:
the “pre-australopithecines”: early members of
the human lineage
Ardipithecus kadabba –
5.8-5.2
Relative Ma length
canine
chimpanz
ees – long
thin
canines
Ardipithecus and Reduction Orrorin tugenensis – 5.9-
australopithecines of canines 6.0 Ma
--short fat canines
over time
From 4 Ma until about 1 Ma, there were always at least two hominin species
sympatric in East Africa:
capacities increased
continuously (via “habilines”
and “erectines” to “sapients” 500
genus Paranthropus)
continued with small cranial
capacities
The human fossil record:
jaws and teeth
• The australopithecines had
large molars and premolars,
prominent jaws and receding
mandibular symphysis, but
reduced canines
• From about 2 million years ago,
successive species of the genus
Homo reduced the size of their
jaws and teeth, and the
mandibular symphysis became
more vertical, eventually
protruding as a Chin
The human fossil record:
locomotion
• Australopithecines had S-
curved vertebral column,
valgus knee, and low wide
pelvis, but funnel-shaped
(ape-like) thorax and short
legs
Homo erectus
Sangiran and Mojokerto, Java
The second appearance of the human
clade outside Africa, >1.2 million
X
Atapuerca, Spain and Ceprano, Italy
Homo antecessor X
Homo
sapiens
Descended from
Homo
heidelbergensis
Homo
erectus
Still there!
Homo
floresiensis
Descended from
Homo habilis ?
The recency of modern human spread implies that all
modern humans are very much alike
19th-century Europeans were taught that other races were inferior
Darwin and Wallace reported, admittedly with some surprise, that they are not
Huxley’s response:
It could be and it was suggested that the Neanderthal skeleton was that of
a strayed idiot; that the characters of the skull were the result of early
synostosis or of late gout; and, in fact, any stick was good enough to beat
the dog withal.
Huxley, T. H. 1890. The Aryan question and prehistoric man. The Nineteenth Century,
November, 1890. Reprinted in Man's Place in Nature and other Anthropological Essays,
Pithecanthropus
discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891 (the first Homo erectus from Java)
• …creationists understand that there are some differences between modern man and the ancient
skeleton, and that this is just another example of God's creativity in designing people.
Ken Ham (interviewed by Mary Rettig), Creationism May Explain Skeletal Remains Better Than Darwinism
http://headlines.agapepress.org/archive/11/52004d.asp
• This should cause Christians to assert without embarrassment that the little people of Flores were
human beings, descendants of Adam, bearing the image of God. They were smaller than us, but we
have encountered pygmy groups before. We can also argue on the basis of biblical revelation that
they probably lived much more recently than the archeologists tell us.
FIRST-PERSON: Dragon-slaying Hobbits and biblical truth (Russell D. Moore, Baptist Press, Nov 11, 2004)
http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=19528
• This is just another example of the hurriedness of evolutionists to accept a fossil that would prove
evolution without checking out the facts completely. You see this in the already debunked Piltdown
Man, Nebraska Man, Lucy, and others.
Pro Rege Papers: A Journal Exploring Biblical Thought Concerning Various Subjects
http://www.prorege.org/papers01/category/creation-vs-evolution/
Tom Huxley, where are
you now that we need
you?