Chapter FIVE

Values

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 Values

 Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is personally

or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)
– Terminal Values
• Desirable End States
– Instrumental Values
• The ways/means for achieving one’s terminal values

 Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an

individual’s values in terms of their intensity.

Note: Values Vary by Cohort

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Importance of Values

 Provide understanding of the attitudes,

motivation, and behaviors of individuals and
cultures.
 Influence our perception of the world around us.
 Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong.”
 Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are
preferred over others.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Types of Values –- Rokeach Value Survey

Terminal Values
Desirable end-states of
existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve
during his or her lifetime.

Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavior
or means of achieving one’s
terminal values.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Values in
the
Rokeach
Survey

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human

Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).

E X H I B I T 4-3

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 Values in
the
Rokeach
Survey
(cont’d)

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human

Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).

E X H I B I T 4-3 (cont’d)

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Mean Value Rankings of
Executives, Union
Members, and Activists

Source: Based on W. C. Frederick and J. Weber, “The Values of

Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and
Normative Implications,” in W. C. Frederick and L. E. Preston (eds.)
Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (Greenwich,
CT: JAI Press, 1990), pp. 123–44.

E X H I B I T 4-4

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 Values, Loyalty, and Ethical Behavior

Ethical Values and

Behaviors of Leaders

Ethical Climate in
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
 Values across Cultures: Hofstede’s
Framework

 Power Distance
 Individualism vs. Collectivism
 Masculinity vs. Femininity
 Uncertainty Avoidance
 Long-term and Short-term orientation

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures

Power Distance
The extent to which a society accepts that
power in institutions and organizations is
distributed unequally.
Low distance: relatively equal power
between those with status/wealth and those
without status/wealth
High distance: extremely unequal power
distribution between those with
status/wealth and those without
status/wealth

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)
Individualism Vs. Collectivism
A tight social framework in
The degree to which which people expect
people prefer to act as others in groups of which
individuals rather than they are a part to look
a member of groups. after them and protect
them.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)
Masculinity Vs. Femininity
The extent to which the The extent to which
society values work roles there is little
of achievement, power, differentiation
and control, and where between roles for
assertiveness and men and women.
materialism are also
valued.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)

Uncertainty Avoidance
The extent to which a society feels threatened by
uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to
avoid them.
•High Uncertainty Avoidance:
Society does not like
ambiguous situations & tries to
avoid them.

•Low Uncertainty Avoidance:

Society does not mind
ambiguous situations &
embraces them.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Hofstede’s Framework (cont’d)

Long-term Orientation Vs. Short-term Orientation

A national culture A national culture attribute
attribute that that emphasizes the
emphasizes the future, present and the here and
thrift, and persistence. now.

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 Achieving Person-Job Fit

Personality-Job Fit
Theory (Holland)
Personality Types
Identifies six personality
types and proposes that • Realistic
the fit between personality • Investigative
type and occupational
• Social
environment determines
satisfaction and turnover. • Conventional
• Enterprising
• Artistic

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 Holland’s
Typology of
Personality
and
Congruent
Occupations

E X H I B I T 4–8

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 Relationships
among
Occupational
Personality
Types

Source: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Psychological

Assessment Resources, Inc., from Making Vocational Choices, copyright 1973, E X H I B I T 4–9
1985, 1992 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Organizational Culture Profile (OCP)

 Useful for determining person-

organization fit
 Survey that forces choices/rankings of
one’s personal values
 Helpful for identifying most important
values to look for in an organization (in
efforts to create a good fit)

© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

 Chapter Check-Up: Values
In Country J most of the top management team meets
employees at the local bar for a beer on Fridays, and there
are no reserved parking spaces. Everyone is on a first
name basis with each other. Country J, according to
Hofstede’s Framework, is probably low on what dimension?
• Collectivism
• Long Term Orientation
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Power Distance

How would a College or University in Country J differ from your

College or University? Identify 3 differences and discuss with a
neighbor.
© 2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
Thank You! 