Thermodynamics-I (ME 231)

Fall 2022

Lecture 2
Chapter 1: Introduction

Instructor: Dr. Ahmad Abbas

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Previous Lecture
• Introduction to course and course outlines
• CLO’s PLO’s and grading criterion
• Applications of thermodynamics
• Dimensions and units

Today’s Lecture
• System, surrounding, boundary of a system
• Types of systems (Close system, Open system, Isolated System)
• Properties of a system (Intensive and extensive properties)
• Specific properties (Specific volume, Specific gravity, specific energy)
• State of a system and equilibrium state

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System
• A system is defined as a quantity
of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.

• The mass or region outside the

system is called surroundings.

• The real or imaginary surface

that separates the system from
its surroundings is called the
boundary. (very thin and has no
mass or volume)
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 Types of System
System classification depends on either fixed mass or fixed volume
is chosen for study.

System

Closed System Open System

(Control mass) (Control volume)

An isolated system does not allow mass and energy to transfer

across the boundary.

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 Closed System
• A closed system consists of a
fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross boundary but the
energy can cross it.

• The volume of a closed system

does not have to be fixed.

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 Open System
• An open system, is a selected
region in space with the ability of
having a variable mass.

• It usually encloses a device that

involves mass flow such as a
compressor, turbine, or nozzle.

• Both mass and energy can cross the

boundary of a control volume.

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Open System (2)

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Properties of a System
Any characteristics of a system is called its property.
For example, mass, volume, temperature, pressure.

Properties of
System

Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

(Independent of mass) (Depends on mass)

Pressure, Temperature mass, volume, momentum

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Distinguishing b/w Intensive and Extensive properties

Specific Properties
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties.
• Some examples of specific properties are specific volume (v = V/m) and specific
total energy (e = E/m).

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 Specific Volume
• Extensive properties are made intensive by dividing
them with mass. For example,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑣)= =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚

𝑚 1
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝜌 )= =
𝑉 𝑣
𝜌
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝑆𝐺 )=
𝜌𝐻 𝑂
2

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 (𝛾 𝑠 )=𝜌 𝑔

Q: Why CNG is filled in kilograms and not in liters or

cubic meters?
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 State
• The condition of a system described
by its properties is called state of the
system.

• A state can be specified by providing

the property numerical values.

• At a given state, all the properties of

system have a fixed value.

• If one of the property is changed, the

state changes.
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 State Postulate
• How many properties are required to describe a
state?

Example
• Two independent, intensive properties
are required to describe the state of a
simple compressible system.

Simple system: No electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion,

and surface tension effects.
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 Equilibrium state
• If there is no unbalanced potentials (i.e. driving force)
in a system, the state of the system is in equilibrium.

• Thermal equilibrium

• Mechanical equilibrium

• Phase equilibrium

• Chemical equilibrium

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