Thermodynamics-I (ME 231)

Fall 2022

Lecture 11

Chapter 3: Properties of Pure Substances

Instructor: Dr. Ahmad Abbas

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Previous Lectures
• Chapter 1:
• Introduction, System, Surrounding, Types of systems, Properties of a
system, State and Equilibrium, Processes and Sycles, Pressure,
Pressure Measurement.
• Chapter 2:
• Form of Energy, Energy transfer by heat and work, Mechanical Forms
of energy, 1st law of thermodynamics, Energy conversion efficiencies.

Today’s Lecture
• Pure substance
• Phases of a pure substance
• Phase change process of a pure substance
• Saturated Temperature and Saturated Pressure.

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Pure Substances
• A substance that has a fixed (homogeneous and
invariable) chemical composition throughout is called
a pure substance.

• It may exist in more than one phase, but the chemical

composition is the same in all phases.

• Pure means “…of uniform and invariable chemical

composition (but more than one molecular type is
allowed).” This allows air to be a pure substance.
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 Examples of Pure Substance

• Water (solid, liquid and

vapor phases)
• Mixture of liquid water and
Single Phase Pure Substances
water vapor
• Carbon Dioxide
• Nitrogen
• Homogeneous mixture of
gases, such as air, as long as Multi-phase Multi-phase impure
Pure Substances Substance
there is no change of phases. 4
 Phases of Matter
• Solid phase -- molecules are arranged in a 3D pattern (lattice).
• Liquid phase -- chunks of molecules float about each other, but
maintain an orderly structure and relative positions within each
chunk.
• Gas phase -- random motion, high energy level.

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 Phase Change Processes

LIQUID LIQUID

Compressed or sub cooled Liquid Saturated Liquid

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 Phase Change Processes (2)

Liquid/Vapor vapor

vapor

Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture Saturated Vapor

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Phase Change Processes (3)
vapor
Sub cooled liquid -- not about to evaporate
Saturated liquid -- about to evaporate
Saturated liquid-vapor mixture --two phase
Saturated Vapor -- about to condense
Superheated Vapor -- not about to condense

Superheated Vapor

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Phase Change Processes (4)
Isobaric process P = 1 atm

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Saturation Temperature and Pressure

At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance

changes phase is called the saturation temperature, Tsat.

At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, Tsat is 99.97°C.

At a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance

changes phase is called the saturation pressure, Psat.

At a temperature of 99.97°C, Psat is 101.325 kPa.

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