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Gatorade!
Learning Outcomes
Students shall develop knowledge of hydration
and sports drinks.
Students shall learn how to calculate sweat rates
and dehydration status.
Students shall learn how to make their own sports
drinks.
Hydration – Key Terms
Thermoregulation
“ The ability to keep the body’s temperature
constant, even if the surrounding temperature is
different.”
Ergogenic Aid
“a substance that improves exercise performance.”
Functions of Water
(HTransport
20)
Eliminates waste products (urine, faeces)
materials around the body
Regulate body temperature (thermoregulation)
Cushion joints – how?
Keeps skin moist
(the worlds cheapest and most effective beauty treatment)
Fact!
brains are 75% water.
bones are 25% water.
blood is 83% water.
Fact!
Leaner individuals contain more
r products
Main transport mechanism - carries nutrients and waste
Faeces 100
Re-hydration
Replacing fluids lost through exercise.
Hypo-hydration
In a state of decreased hydration, less than normal water content
in the body, (impairs thermoregulation).
Hyper-hydration
Increased hydration from normal (can improve thermoregulation).
Super-hydration
A state hydration achieved by manipulation with the ergogenic aid
glycerol, (glycerol has shown to increase water retention). A strategy
to reduce heat stress in hot environments
Adverse effects of dehydration
1% - Threshold of Thirst.
2% - Stronger thirst, discomfort, loss of appetite,
impaired performance.
3% - Dry mouth, decrease in blood plasma and
urinary output.
4% - 20-40% decrease in work capacity
(max. physical work).
5% - Impaired concentration, headache, impatience,
sleepiness/drowsiness.
6% - Severe impairment of thermoregulation during
exercise, increased heart rate.
>7% Collapse, dizziness, loss of balance,
delirium, exhaustion.
Organ
10%+ failure – death!
In cool laboratory conditions, VO2 max has been shown to
decrease with fluid losses, (as little as 2% loss body mass)
In the heat, sweat rates increase even more, such that
fluid intake must be even more closely monitored.
100%
Exercise Capacity
80%
60%
0 1 2 4 5
3
How do athlete’s monitor hydration & rehydration?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
How much should athletes drink during
exercise?
Fluid requirements vary remarkably between
athletes and between exercise situations.
Factors affecting fluid loss;
Genetics - some people innately sweat more than
others.
Body size - larger athletes tend to sweat more than
smaller athletes.
Fitness - fitter people sweat earlier in exercise and in
larger volumes.
Environment - sweat losses are higher in hot, humid
conditions.
How can I tell how much I’m sweating?
Calculations
• Fluid deficit (l) = 70 kg - 68.5kg = 1.5 kg
• Total sweat loss (l) = 1.5 kg + 1 kg = 2.5 kg
• Sweat rate (l/h) = 2.5 kg / 2hr = 1.25 l/h
Calculating sweat rates
An 78kg male takes part in a 1.5 hour pre season
football training session and drinks 500ml litre (0.5kg)
of water during the session.
After he weighs himself, he now weighs 74kg.
Answer
Roughly 3.5%!!!
Effect on
performance??
??
+10% affect on
Effect on Performance – references!
Armstrong (1985)
Dehydration by as little as 2% can
decrease performance in 5 and 10km races
by 6-7%.
Nielsen (1981)
Dehydration by 2.5% decrease capacity to
perform high intensity exercise performance by
45%.
Saltin and Costill (1988)
Dehydration by 5% decreases work capacity by
30%.
Maughan (2000)
3% dehydration will reduce overall (most aspects of )
In cool laboratory conditions, VO2 max has been shown to
decrease with fluid losses, (as little as 2% loss body mass)
In the heat, sweat rates increase even more, such that
fluid intake must be even more closely monitored.
100%
Exercise Capacity
80%
60%
0 1 2 4 5
3
Dehydratio
n voluntarily during exercise replaces less than one-half of their
“The volume of fluid that most athletes ‘choose’ to drink
Water = 0% CHO
Isotonic = 4-8% CHO Similar to body fluid
Hypotonic = <4% CHO Less than
Hypertonic = >8% CHO More than
Sport Drinks
Hypertonic –
slow rate of absorption, usually consumed with other
fluids, best used in recovery stages.
Isotonic –
usually contain sodium to speed up absorption. Can be
used before exercise.
Hypotonic –
These can be more effective than water as they can
encourage fluid replacement through enhanced taste.
Fluid Intake
Pre-event
Athlete should be fully hydrated, at least 300-
500ml 10-15 minutes before exercise is
recommended.
Inter-event
150-200ml every 15-20 minutes.
Post-event
150% of sweat rate.
Fluid Intake
Re-hydration Strategies
Sweat Losses
Intermittent Exercise
Football/Rugby match =
1-4 litres!
Sports Drinks
At least 1% CHO
20-30mg/l of sodium
5-10mg/l of potassium
Remember
The greater the F.I.T.T of exercise, the
more important fluid replacement
strategies become.....
Food
Wate
r
Sport
s
Activities (P5, P7, M4, D2)
2. Research and find at least 8-10 different sports drinks that are
commonly used by athletes and list their ingredients in terms
of carbohydrate and electrolytes
State whether they are hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic.
For each drink then state what stage of training/competition
they
would by useful for, (pre, during, post-exercise).
Extension
Find out what effect taking the supplement glycerol has on
hydration.