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Sets 2
Sets 2
02/14/12
Ming-Hsuan Yang
UC Merced
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2.2 Set operations
• Union: the set that contains those elements
that are either in A or in B, or in both
A B {x | x A x B}
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Difference and complement
• A-B: the set containing those elements in A but
not in B A B {x | x A x B}
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Example
• A is the set of positive integers > 10 and the
universal set is the set of all positive integers,
then A {x | x 10} {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
• A-B is also called the complement of B with
respect to A
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Set identities
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Example
• Prove A B A B
• Will show that A B A B and A B A B
• (→): Suppose that x A ,Bby definition of
complement and use De Morgan’s law
( x A x B )
(( x A)) (( x B ))
( x A) ( x B )
• By definition of complement
x A or x B
• By definition of union
x A B
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Example
• (←): Suppose that x A B
• By definition of union x A x B
• By definition of complement x A x B
• Thus ( x A) ( x B)
• By De Morgan’s law: ( x A) ( x B)
( x A x B)
( x ( A B ))
• By definition of complement, x A B
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Builder notation
• Prove it with builder notation
A B {x | x A B} (def of complement)
{x | ( x ( A B ))} (def of not belong to)
{x | ( x A x B )} (def of intersection)
{x | ( x A) ( x B)} (De Morgan' s law)
{x | x A x B} (def of not belong to)
{x | x A x B} (def of complement)
{x | x A B} (def of union)
A B
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Example
• Prove A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
• (→): Suppose that x A ( B C )then x A
and x B C . By definition of union, it follows
that , and
x A or x B . Consequently,
x C
and or x A and x B x A x C
• By definition of intersection, it follows x A B
or x A C
• By definition of union, x ( A B) ( A C )
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Example
• (←): Suppose that x ( A B) ( A C )
• By definition of union, x A B or x A C
• By definition of intersection, x A and x B ,
or x A and x C
• From this, we see x A , and x B or x C
• By definition of union, x A and x B C
• By definition of intersection, x A ( B C )
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Membership table
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Example
• Show that A ( B C ) (C B) A
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Generalized union and intersection
• Union: A A A A
1 2 n
i 1
i
n
• Intersection A A A A 1 2 n
i 1
i
• Union: A A A A
1 2 n
i 1
i
• Intersection: A A A A
1 2 n
i 1
i
Ai {1, 2,3, , i} {1, 2,3, } Z
i 1 i 1
A {1,2,3, , i} {1}
i 1
i
i 1
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Computer representation of sets
• U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
• A={1,3,5,7,9} (odd integer ≤10),B={1,2,3,4,5}
(integer ≤5)
• Represent A and B as 1010101010, and
1111100000
• Complement of A: 0101010101
• A⋂B: 1010101010˄1111100000=1010100000
which corresponds to {1,3,5}
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