Probability and Statistics

Measures of Central tendency

INSTRUCTOR: Prof. Asif Ali Malik
Department of Statistics, Punjab college Pattoki.
Measure of central tendency/Average/
Measures of location.
 Single value represent the whole data is called an average.
In this topic we find the location of this most representative value that why
is called measures of location,
And this representative value generally located in the center of the data
that’s why we also called is measures of central tendency.
Types of measures of central tendencies
 Arithmetic mean/Mean (Defined as sum of the values divided by number of
values)
 Median( Central value of the arrayed data)
 Mode( Most frequent value of the data)
 Calculation of A.M
Arithmetic Mean: is defined as sum of the values divided by number of values

• Direct method
• Indirect/ Short cut method
• Coding/ Step deviation method
Arithmetic mean

Ungroup data Group data

Direct Method Direct Method
σ𝑋 σ 𝑓𝑋
 𝑋ത = 𝑛  𝑋ത = σ 𝑓

Indirect/Short Cut method Indirect/Short Cut method

σ𝐷 σ 𝑓𝐷
 𝑋ത = 𝐴 + 𝑛 D=X-A  𝑋ത = 𝐴 + σ 𝑓 D=X-A
Step deviation/ Coding method.  Step deviation/ Coding method.
σ𝑈
 𝑋ത = 𝐴 + 𝑛 *h U=X-A/h 
σ 𝑓𝑈
𝑋ത = 𝐴 + σ 𝑓 *h U=X-A/h
Direct method
Ungroup data

σ𝑋
𝑋ത =
𝑛
෍ 𝑋 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

n=Number of values
X=1,2,4,5
σ 𝑋 =1+2+4+5=16
N=4
16
𝑋ത = =4
4
 A.M of Group data
Direct method

Classes f X fX

2-4 2 3 6

4-6 3 5 15

6-8 4 7 28

8-10 1 9 9
Indirect method
Ungroup data

σ𝐷
 𝑋ത = 𝐴 + 𝑛 , 𝐷 = 𝑋 − 𝐴

X=2 4 6 8
D=X-3=-1 1 3 5
8
𝑋ത = 3 + 4=5
Group data

Classes f X D=X-5 fD

2-4 2 3 -2 -4

4-6 3 5 0 0

6-8 4 7 2 8

8-10 1 9 4 4
Step deviation method
Ungroup

σ𝑈
 𝑋ത = 𝐴 + 𝑛 , 𝑈 = 𝑋 − 𝐴/h

X=2 4 6 8
u=X-2/2=0 1 2 3
6
𝑋ത = 3 + 4*2=5
Group data

Classes f X U=X-5/2 fU

2-4 2 3 -1 -2

4-6 3 5 0 0

6-8 4 7 1 4

8-10 1 9 2 2
Thanks