MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN

WORLD

STATISTICS

Rogelio Villafuerte Junio Jr.

Mathematics Instructor
 BASIC CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT

Topics:
 Scale of Measurements
 Measure of Central Tendency (Ungrouped and
Grouped Data)
 Measure of Dispersion
 Correlation
 PRE-TEST

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 STATISTICS
• Is a science of collecting, organizing, interpreting and
analyzing data.
STATISTICAl DECEPTION
STATISTICAl DECEPTION
 STATISTICAl DECEPTION
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 Scale of Measurement
• The Scale determines amount of information
contained in data.
• Scale indicates the data summarization and statistical
analysis that are most appropriate.
TYPES OF SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL
• ORDINAL
• INTERVAL
• RATIO
TYPES OF SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL SCALE ( Categorical Variables)
-no numerical difference between categories

Examples
-Marital Status
- Gender
- Zip code
- Student ID
TYPES OF SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
• ORDINAL SCALE
-the categories that are ordered from LEAST to MOST.
-Don’t know numerical distance from each category to
next.

Examples
-MISS U Results ( Title, 1st, 2nd, 3rd Runner Up)
-Military Rank
-Rank of Students’
TYPES OF SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
• INTERVAL SCALE
-Scale with value and there is same numerical
distance between each other.
-We can Add and Subtract but can’t Multiply
and Divide.

Examples
- Temperatures
- Speedo meter
TYPES OF SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
• RATIO SCALE
-when it comes to measurement scale
Ratio scales tells us about the order.
-These variable can be meaningfully
Added, Subtract, Multiplied and Divided.
Examples
- Height of the students
- Weight of the students
TYPES OF SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
SCALE ORDER(<,>) DISTANCE TRUE EXAMPLE
(-) ZERO
(+,X, ÷)
NOMINAL NO NO NO Color, Gender,
Country
ORDINAL YES NO NO Rank Orders
Rating Scale
INTERVAL YES YES NO Year, Time of
the Day, IQ
RATIO YES YES YES Age, Height,
Weight
 MEASURE OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY

Central Tendency is a statistical

measure that determines a single
value that are accurately describes
the center of the distribution and
represents the entire distribution of
scores.
 TYPES OF AVERAGE

• MEAN
• MEDIAN
• MODE
For Ungrouped and Grouped Data
 TYPES OF AVERAGE

• MEAN- the sum of all observation

divide by the total number of
observation.

X = ∑x/n
 MEAN for Ungrouped Data

Find the mean for the data

45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48, 36

X= 45+32+37+46+39+36+41+48+36
9
X=360/9 = 40
 MEAN for Ungrouped Data

Find the mean for the data

17, 16,17, 18, 30, 19, 18

X= 17+16+17+18+30+19+18
7
X=135/7 = 19.285 ≈ 19.29
 TYPES OF AVERAGE

• MEDIAN- a value which divides a

data set that have been ordered
into two equal parts.
 MEDIAN for Ungrouped Data

Find the median for the data

45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48, 36

md= 32, 36, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 46, 48

md = 39
 MEDIAN for Ungrouped Data

Find the median for the data

17, 16,17, 18, 30, 19, 18

md= 16,17,17,18,18,19,30

md = 18
 TYPES OF AVERAGE

• MODE- a value which occurs most

frequently in a set of data.
 MODE for Ungrouped Data

Find the mode for the data

45, 32, 37, 46, 39, 36, 41, 48, 36

mo=36
 MEAN for Ungrouped Data

Find the mean for the data

17, 16,17, 18, 30, 19, 18
mo=17, 18
 SEATWORK
Find Mean, Median and Mode of the following Data. Answer it within
10 minutes
1. 75,78,79,80,75,87,90,98, 99
2. 56,78,67,45,32,34,56,76,34,34
3. 67,45,67,89,67,65,89,
4. 10,23,25,27,10,12,28,30
5. The numbers of incorrect answers on a true or false competency test for a
random sample of 15 students were recorded as
follows:2,1,3,0,1,3,6,0,3,3,5,2,1,4 and 2.
 MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA

X = ∑fx/∑f
Find the mean for the data.
X = ∑fx/∑f
CLASSES f x fx
148-167 4 157.5 630
128-147 9 137.5 1237.5 X = 5672.5/51
108-127 15 117.5 1762.5
X = 111.23
88-107 13 97.5 1267.5
68-87 10 77.5 775
∑f = 51 ∑fx = 5672.5
 MEDIAN FOR GROUPED DATA
md = LB + (n/2 - >cf)I
f
Find the median for the data.
CLASSES f LB >cf md = LB + (N/2 - >cf)i
f
148-167 4 147.5 51
128-147 9 127.5 47 md= 107.5 + (26- 23)20
108-127 15 107.5 38 15
Md= 107.5 + (3/15)20
88-107 13 87.5 23 Md= 107.5 + 4
68-87 10 67.5 10 Md= 111.5
i=20 N = 51/2
N=25.5 ≈26
 MODE FOR GROUPED DATA
mo = LB + __fm – f1_____ i
(fm-f1)+(fm-f2) mo = LB + __fm – f1_____ i
Find the mode for the data. (fm-f1)+(fm-f2)
CLASSES f
148-167 4 mo = 107.5 + __ 15 – 9____ _ 20
128-147 9 f1 (15-9)+(15-13)
108-127 15 mo = 107.5 + 6____ _ 20
fm (6)+(2)
88-107 13 f2 Mo = 107.5+15
68-87 10 Mo = 122.5
i=20 N = 51
 SEATWORK

X = ∑fx/∑f
md = LB + (N/2 - >cf)i
f

mo = LB + __fm – f1_____ i
(fm-f1)+(fm-f2)

Find Mean, Median and mode

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 RELATIONS AMONG AVERAGES

RELATION AMONG MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE

Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

 Symmetrical Distribution
 Asymmetrical Distribution
 RELATIONS AMONG AVERAGES

1. Symmetrical Distribution
Mean = Median = Mode
 RELATIONS AMONG AVERAGES

2. Asymmetrical Distribution

Mean>Median>Mode
Mean<Median<Mode
 MEASURE OF DISPERSION
(Measure of Variability)

Measures of dispersion are descriptive statistics that describe how similar a set of score
are to each other.

 The more similar the score are to each other, the lower the measure of
dispersion will be.
 The less similar the scores are to each other, the higher the measure of
dispersion will be
 In General, the more spread out a distribution is, the larger the measure of
dispersion will be.
MEASURE OF DISPERSION
(Measure of Variability)

Which of the
distribution of
scores has the
larger
dispersion?
Why?
 Main Measure of Dispersion

Range
Variance/Standard Deviation
 RANGE
Range is defined as the difference between
the larger score in the set of data and the
smallest score in the set of data.

R=H-L
 RANGE
What is the range of the following data?

4 8 1 6 6 2 9 3 6 9
R= H-L
=9–1
R= 8
 When to use the Range?

The Range is used when:

 You have ordinal data or
 You are presenting your results to people
with little or no knowledge of statistics
The range is rarely used in scientific work as
in fairly insensitive.
 STANDARD DEVIATION
The Standard Deviation is a number that measure how far away each number in a set
of data from their mean.

Standard Deviation is also known as root means square deviation as it is the square
root of means of the squared deviation from the Mean.

If the Standard Deviation is large it means the number are spread out from their
mean.

If the Standard Deviation is small it means the number are close to their mean.
 STANDARD DEVIATION

S = √∑x2/n – (∑x/n)2
 STANDARD DEVIATION
Step to get the Standard Deviation
1. Take the square values
2. Take square of each value
3. Take sum of both columns
4. Apply them to the formula

S = √∑x2/n – (∑x/n)2
 STANDARD DEVIATION
Example: find the Standard Deviation of the data 3,5,7.
x x2 Step to get theStandard Deviation
3 9
1. Take the square values
5 25
2. Take square of each value
7 49
∑x=15 ∑x2=83
3. Take sum of both columns
4. Apply them to the formula
S = √∑x2/n – (∑x/n)2
S = √83/3– (15/3)2
S = √83/3– (15/3)2 Therefore, Standard Deviation is small it
S = √27.67– 25 means the number are close to their mean.
S = √ 2.67
S = 1.63
 Where Standard Deviation is Applied

 In Financial terms, Standard Deviation is udsed to measure risk involved in investment

 In physical experiments, it is important to have a measuresment of uncertainty. Standard
deviation provides a way to check the results. Very large values of standard deviation can
mean the experiment is faulty.
 CORRELATION
Correlation is defined as the relationship which exist between two variables.

Example:
Increase in height of children is accompanied by increase in weight.

Some more examples of correlation are defined as:

 Income and expenditure
 Price and Demand
 TYPES CORRELATION

Positive Correlation
Negative Corelation
Zero Correlation
 TYPES CORRELATION
Positive Correlation

If both the variable are moving in same direction (

Increase or Decrease) then correlation is said to be
direct or Positive.

Example: Income and Expendeture

 CORRELATION EXAMPLE

Positive Correlation Example

 The more time you spend running on a treadmill,
the more calories you will burn.
 The longer your hair grows, the more shampoo
you will need
 As the Temperature goes up, ice cream sales also
go up.
 TYPES CORRELATION
Negative Correlation
When movements of the two variables are in
opposite direction then this type of relation is called
inversely proportional so in this case correlation is
said to be negative.

Example: Price and Demand, If the price increases

 CORRELATION EXAMPLE

Negative Correlation Example

 A students who has many absences has a
decrease in grades.
 As weather gets colder, air conditioning cost
decrease.
 If a train increases speed, the length of time to
get to the final point decreases.
 TYPES CORRELATION
Zero Correlation
If there is no association between the two
variables the correlation (it means both the
variables are independent.)
Example: The number of cups of tea consumed in an office each day
in March and the number of inches of rainfall in Aurora on the same
day.
 TYPES CORRELATION
Zero Correlation
If there is no association between the two variables the
correlation is said to be zero correlation (it means both the
variables are independent.)

Example: The number of cups of tea consumed in an office each day

in March and the number of inches of rainfall in Aurora on the same
day.
 Coefficient of Correlation

 Numerical Measure of correlation is called

Coefficient of Correlation. It measure the degree
of relationship between the variables.
 The formula is called Karl Pearson’s coefficient of
correlation.
 Coefficient of Correlation

Interpretation of coefficient of correlation

The limit of correlation is to be from negative one to

positive one.
Coefficient of Correlation
Coefficient of Correlation
Coefficient of Correlation
Coefficient of Correlation
 Coefficient of Correlation

The correlation between two variables is very high

strong negative.