PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 2
Prepared by:
ENGR. CHRISTIAN C. SIGNO
Special Science Teacher I
 DATA ANALYSIS USING
STATISTICS AND HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
 Statistics
• Statistics deals with experimental designs and
procedures which include data collection,
classification, organization and interpretation,
and decision making regarding these data.
• It can be classified as descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
 Descriptive Statistics
• Descriptive statistics is the term given to
the analysis of data that helps describe,
show or summarize data in a
meaningful way such that, for example,
patterns might emerge from the data.
 Descriptive Statistics
• Descriptive statistics deals with
characterizing data obtained from
samples and populations in terms of
measures of central tendency and
measures of variability.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

•1. MEAN- refers to the sum of

all given values or items in a
distribution divided by the
number of values or items
summed.
 MEAN

• x = values or items
• n = number of measures in the distribution
 MEAN
•Example 1:
❖The mean of 86, 80, 75, 78,
and 86 is __________.
 MEAN
•Example 2:
❖The mean of 80, 80, 75, 76,
74, 74, and 74 is
__________.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

•2. MEDIAN (Md)- refers to

the value of the middle
observation in an ordered
distribution.
 MEDIAN
• To get the median, we arrange first the
data from the highest value to the
lowest or vice-versa.
• The median is the middle value in the
distribution.
 MEDIAN
• When there is an odd number of
observation, the middle value is the
median.
• Example 1: 8, 7, 10, 12, 6, 16, 9
• Example 2: 1, 4, 3, 8, 11, 18, 16, 5, 6
 MEDIAN
• If the number of observation is even, the
average of the two middle scores is the
median.
• Example 1: 8, 6, 7, 5, 3, 4
• Example 2: 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

•3. MODE (Mo)- is the item

or value in a distribution
with the highest frequency
or most number of cases.
 MODE
• Example 1: 19, 20, 20, 20, 18, 15, 13, 9
• Example 2: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 6, 8, 8, 9, 8, 1, 3
• Example 3 : 8, 8, 9, 6, 10, 8, 10, 2, 10
• Example 4: 9, 2, 8, 3, 4, 5, 7, 6
 ACTIVITY
• The rate per hour (in pesos) of the 10 employees of a certain
company were taken and are shown below.
55.55, 57.13, 42.75, 64.23, 59.10,
38.59, 48.41, 55.55, 48.74, 55.80
✓Determine the value of the mean, median, and mode.
✓If the value 42.75 was erroneously written whose actual value is
32.75, then what measure of central tendency will be affected.
Support your answer.
 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
• In statistics, measures of variability describe
how scores in a given dataset differ from one
another (e.g., the spread or clustering of points).
• Measures of variability describes how far apart
data points lie from each other and from the
center of a distribution.
 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
•Range
•Mean or Average Deviation
•Standard Deviation
•Variance
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
 RANGE
• Range- refers to the difference between the highest and the
lowest score.
• The range is the easiest and simplest to determine the
measures of variability because it depends only on the pair
of extreme values.
• It is considered the most unreliable because it does not give
the dispersion or spread of the scores in between the two
extreme values.
 RANGE
R=H–L
• R = range
• H = highest score
• L = lowest score
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
 RANGE
• Example:
• 1. Find the range of the scores with 25 as the highest and 15
as the lowest?
• 2. Find the range of the following data:
11, 14, 10, 16, 22, 27, 31, 15, 19, 32, 10
• 2. Find the range of the following data:
22.6, 44.2, 52.9, 22. 3, 25.7, 36.8, 41.12, 57.11
AVERAGE / MEAN DEVIATION
▪ The average or mean deviation takes into account all the variables in
a given distribution. It gives information about how far the data
values are spread out from the mean value. The formula for the
mean deviation is:

▪ X = score of value
__
▪ X = mean
▪ n = number of cases
AVERAGE / MEAN DEVIATION
▪Solve the mean deviation:
11, 12, 13, 14, 15
STANDARD DEVIATION

▪ X = score of value
__
▪ X = mean
▪ n = number of cases
 ASSIGNMENT
▪ Calculate the range, mean deviation,
standard deviation, and variance of the
given scores.
▪ Compare and interpret the results of
computed range, mean deviation, standard
deviation, and variance
ASSIGNMENT
End of Presentation...