STATISTICS

Statistics is a body of knowledge that involves the use of scientific methods and
techniques in collecting, presenting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting numerical
figures

The following are important concepts and terms in the study of statistics:

1. Variable - it is the differentiating property of subjects or respondents that

vary from one situation to another
Example: Gender, religion, salary, socio-economic status, etc.
Variables can be classified as:
a. Qualitative Variable – express characteristics that cannot be
measured numerically
Examples: gender, religion, political affiliation, student number, plate
number, zip code
b. Quantitative Variable – are amounts or values that can be counted or
measured, and analyzed using the four fundamental operations
 Discrete Variable – can be counted numerically. Hence, it takes a
whole number value
Example: number of errors in a final exam, number of siblings
 Continuous Variable – are measured on a scale. Hence, it can be
expressed as fractions, decimals, integers, or percent.
Examples: volume of grape juice in a tetra pack, acceleration
2. Data – this refers to the set of observation gathered from subject or
respondents.
Example: Opinion, number of students vaccinated
3. Population – This is the group of all individuals, subjects or objects
considered in the study
Example: College students, registered voters, weather patterns monitored
within a period of time
4. Sample – This is a representative portion taken from the population where
data is actually taken
Example: Male / Female registered voters, freshman students

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

The measures of central tendency or average are values that best characterize
or describe a set of data. The mean, median, and mode are the most commonly used
measures of central tendency
Three Main Measures of Central Tendency

1. Mean
  The mean, often called the average, of a numerical set of data, is simply the sum
of the data values divided by the number of values. This is also referred to as the
arithmetic mean. The mean is the balance point of a distribution.
 Formula (Mean of Ungrouped Data)
Σx
x̄=
n

Where:

x̄= Mean

Σx = sum of the values

N = population
Example:

13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13

13+18+13+14+ 13+16+14+ 21+ 13

x̄=
9

135
x̄=
9

x̄=15

Note: The mean, in this case, isn't a value from the original list. This is a common
result. You should not assume that your mean will be one of your original numbers.

Example
PROBLEM

Stephen has been working on programing and updating a Web site for his company
for the past 15 months. The following numbers represent the number of hours
Stephen has worked on this Web site for each of the past 7 months:

24, 25, 31, 50, 53, 66, 78

What is the mean (average) number of hours that Stephen worked on this Web site
each month?
SOLUTION
Step 1: Add the numbers to determine the total number of hours he worked.
24 + 25 + 33 + 50 + 53 + 66 + 78 = 329

Step 2: Divide the total by the number of months.

329
=47
7

ANSWER
The mean number of hours that Stephen worked each month was 47

2. Median
 The median is the number that falls in the middle position once the data has
been organized. Organized data means the numbers are arranged from
smallest to largest or from largest to smallest. The median for an odd number
of data values is the value that divides the data into two halves. If n
represents the number of data values and n is an odd number, then the
n+1
median will be found in the position.
2
 Formula (Median Ungrouped Data)

Example:

13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21

n+1 9+1
= = 5th
2 2

So the median is 14.

Example
PROBLEM

Find the median of the following data:

7, 9, 3, 4, 11, 1, 8, 6, 1, 4

SOLUTION

Step 1: Organize the data, or arrange the numbers from smallest to largest.
1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11

Step 2: Since the number of data values is even, the median will be the mean value
n+1
of the numbers found before and after the position.
2
n+1 10+1 11
= = = 5.5
2 2 2

Step 3: The number found before the 5.5 position is 4 and the number found after
the 5.5 position is 6. Now, you need to find the mean value.

1, 1, 3, 4,  4, 6,  7, 8, 9, 11

ANSWER
The median is 5

3. Mode
 The "mode" is the value that occurs most often. If no number in the list is
repeated, then there is no mode for the list.

(Mode of Ungrouped Data)

Example:

13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21

The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other, so 13 is the
mode.

Example
PROBLEM

Find the mode of the following data:

76, 81, 79, 80, 78, 83, 77, 79, 82, 75

SOLUTION

There is no need to organize the data, unless you think that it would be easier to
locate the mode if the numbers were arranged from least to greatest. In the above
data set, the number 79 appears twice, but all the other numbers appear only once.
Since 79 appear with the greatest frequency, it is the mode of the data values.

ANSWER
The mode is 79

Example
 PROBLEM
The ages of 12 randomly selected customers at a local Best Buy are listed below:

23, 21, 29, 24, 31, 21, 27, 23, 24, 32, 33, 19

What is the mode of the above ages?

SOLUTION

The above data set has three values that each occur with a frequency of 2. These
values are 21, 23, and 24. All other values occur only once. Therefore, this set of
data has three modes.
ANSWER
The mode are 21,23, and 24

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
 Refers to the spread of scores in the distribution

1. Range

 The difference between the highest and the smallest value in the set.

Example:

Given the following sorted data, find the range,

12, 15, 19, 24, 24, 25, 26, 30, 35, 38

R = HV- LV

R = 38-12

R = 26

2. Variance

 It is the square of the standard deviation

Formula:

2 n(Σx 2)−Σ( x̄ ) 2
s ¿
n(n−1)

Where:
n = total number of observation or cases

x̄ = mean

x = original raw score

Example:

Scores X2
25 625
21 441
18 324
16 256
15 225
14 196
10 100
9 81
Total = 128 Total = 2248
n(Σx 2)−Σ ( x̄ ) 2
s2 ¿
n(n−1)

8(2248)−(128) 2
s2 ¿
8(8−1)

2 17,984−16,384 ❑
s ¿
8(7)

1,600 ❑
s2 ¿
56

s2 ¿ 28.57❑

3. Standard Deviation

 Used to describe the variability when the mean is used to describe the central
tendency
 NOTE: the mean is an average of the scores in a set while the standard
deviation is a sort of average of how distant the individual scores are from the
mean.

Formula:
 n(Σx 2 )−Σ ( x̄) 2
s=√
n (n−1)

Where:

n = total number of observation or cases

x̄ = mean

x = original raw score

Example:

Scores X2
25 625
21 441
18 324
16 256
15 225
14 196
10 100
9 81
Total = 128 Total = 2248
n(Σx 2 )−( Σ x̄) 2
s=√
n (n−1)

8(2248)−(128) 2
s=√
8 (8−1)

17,984−16 ,383 ❑
s=√
8(7)

1,600
s=√
56

s=√ 28.57142857

s=5.35

References:
 Abuzo et. Al (2013)Grade 8 Mathematics Learners Module.pp. 491-506. Pasig
City, Philippines. Book Media Press Inc.
 Tolentino et. Al (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World. pp.101-111. Malabon
City, Philippines. Mutya Publishing House Inc.