DATA Management

Mathematics as a Tool
Data Set
Refers to a collection of numbers or values that relate to a particular
subject.

Sample: Test scores of students, number of girls in a class, Names of

countries, etc.

Data Management
Refers to an administrative process by which the required data is
acquired, validated, stored, protected, and processed, and by which
its accessibility, reliability, and timeliness is ensured to satisfy the
needs of the data users.
TWO TYPES OF DATA
DISCRETE
Is obtained through
counting

01 02
QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA
Deals with categories Values with
or attributes. numerical data CONTINUOUS
Is obtained by
measuring
 FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Is the lowest of the four Deals with data that can be
ways to characterize ordered, and in which
data. It deals with differences between the
names, categories, or data does make sense.
labels. ORDINAL Data has no starting point. RATIO
LEVEL LEVEL

NOMINAL
LEVEL It ranks qualitative data.
Winners in a pageant and
the academic rank of
teachers are examples of
ordinal data.
INTERVAL
LEVEL The highest level of
measurement. Data at the
ratio level possess all of
the features of the
interval level, in addition
to a zero value.
Measures of Central
Tendency
Is a single value that attempts
to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position
within that set of data.

As such, measures of central

tendency are sometimes called
measures of central location.
Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN MEDIAN MODE

It refers to the sum of It refers to the middle It refers to the number

the numbers divided by number if “n” is odd for a
“n”. ranked order list of
numbers, or the mean of
the two middle numbers
if “n” is even.
that occurs most
frequently in a list of
numbers.
Arithmetic Mean
It is the total of the sum of all
values in a collection of
numbers divided by the
number of numbers in a
collection. It is calculated by: x̅ = ∑ x
n
Properties of Mean
1. It measures stability. Mean is the most stable among other
measures of central tendency because every score contributes to
the value of mean.
2. The sum of each score’s distance from the mean is zero.
3. It is easily affected by extreme scores
4. It may not be an actual score in the distribution
5. It can be applied to interval level of measurement.
6. It is easy to compute
Weighted Mean
The weighted mean of a given
group of data is the average
of the means of all groups.
x̅w = ∑ x*w
Where: ∑w
X = score
W = weight
Example:
There are 1,000 notebooks sold at P10 each; 500 notebooks at P20
each, 500 notebooks at P25 each, and 100 notebooks at P30 each.
Solve for the weighted mean.

Notebook’s Price (x) Frequency (w) Price * Frequency (w*x)

P 10 1,000 P 10, 000

P 20 500 P 10,000

P 25 500 P 12,500

P 30 100 P 3,000

∑ w = 2,100 ∑ w*x = P 35,500

Median
Is the value found at the middle
when the data are arranged in
an array form. If there are two
middle values, the average is
taken. x͂
Properties of Median

1. It may not be an actual observation in the data set.

2. It can be applied in ordinal level
3. It is not affected by extreme values because median is a
positional measure.
Mode
Is the value that occurs most often
in a data set. It can be unimodal,
bimodal, trimodal, or multimodal.
x̂
Unimodal is a distribution of scores
consisting of one mode. Bimodal
consists of two modes, trimodal
with three modes and multimodal
with more than two modes.
Mode
Properties of Mode

1. It can be used when the data are qualitative or quantitative

2. It may not be unique
3. It is not affected by extreme values
Measures of Dispersion

Measures of dispersion are non-negative real numbers

that help to gauge the spread of data about a central
value. These measures help to determine how
stretched or squeezed the given data is.

It helps to describe the variability of data

Measures of Dispersion
RANGE VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION

Can be defined as the Is the average squared The square root of the
difference between the deviation from the mean variance
maximum value and of the given data set.
the minimum value.
Range
Highest – Lowest Value.

R = Xmax - Xmin
Variance
Is the measure of how data
points vary from the mean.

σ 𝑛 2
2 1 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)
ҧ
𝜎 =
𝑛
Standard Deviation
The measure of distribution of
statistical data

σ𝑛1 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)ҧ 2

𝜎=
𝑛
Sample Problem
Example 1:

Find the population standard deviation of the data set {1, 3, 6, 7, 12}.
Solution:
Solve for the mean: (1 + 3 + 6 + 7 + 12)
𝑥ҧ = = 5.8
5
Range:
𝑅 = 12 − 1 = 11

Variance:
σ𝑛1 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 1 − 5.8 2
+ 3 − 5.8 2
+ 6 − 5.8 2
+ 7 − 5.8 2
+ 12 − 5.8 2
𝜎2 = =
𝑛 5

𝜎 2 = 14.16
Standard Deviation:
𝜎 = 14.16 = 3.76
Final Exam