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BIOSTATISTICS

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 OBJECTIVES OF AVERAGES

• To find out one value that represents the whole mass of data.
• To enable comparison.

• To establish relationship.

• To derive inferences(‫( إستخالص استنتاجات‬about universe to which sample

belongs.

• To aid decision – making.

 COMMON MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY

• Arithmetic Mean
• Geometric Mean
• Harmonic Mean
• Median
• Mode
• Partition Values Quartiles & Percentiles.
COMMON MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY

Averages

Mathematical Averages Positional Averages

A.M G.M H.M Median Mode

 MEAN
❖ The MEAN of a set of values or measurements is
the sum of all the measurements divided by the
number of measurements in the set.

❖ The mean is the most popular and widely used.

It is sometimes called the arithmetic mean
(Average).

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 MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION…

• The arithmetic mean, (average), is the most popular & useful

measure of central location.

• It is computed by simply adding up all the observations and

dividing by the total number of observations:

Sum of the observations

Mean =
Number of observations
Mean
Mean is the average of a
set of data. To calculate
the mean, find the sum of
the data and then divide
by the number of data.
An electronics store
sells CD players at the
following prices:
$350, $275, $500,
$325, $100, $375, and
$300. What is the
mean price?
$350 + $275 + $500 + $325 + $100 +$375 + $300 =

$2225

$2225 / 7 = $317.86

The mean or average price of a CD

player is $317.86.
 MEAN

Population Sample

Size N n

Mean
 ARITHMETIC MEAN…

Population Mean Sample Mean

 MEAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA
• If we get the mean of the sample, we call it the sample mean
and it is denoted by (read “x bar”).

• If we compute the mean of the population, we call it the

parametric or population mean, and it is denoted by μ (read
“mu”).

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 97
LETS FIND 84
NADIA’S MEAN 88
SCIENCE TEST 100
SCORE? 95
63
73
783 ÷ 9 86
+ 97
The mean is 87 783
 THE ARITHMETIC MEAN

• The sample mean is the sum of all the observations (∑Xi) divided by the number of
observations (n):

where ΣXi = X1+X2+X3+X4+…+Xn

• Example. 1, 2, 2, 4, 5, 10. Calculate the mean. Note: n = 6 (six observations)

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Example
For the data: 1, 1, 1, 1, 51. Calculate the mean. Note: n
= 5 (five observations)

• Here we see that the mean is affected by extreme values.

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 ARITHMETIC MEAN
• Individual Series
= x1 + x2 +…… + xn
n
For ex. A.M of 3, 6, 24 and 48

= 3 + 6 + 24 + 48
4
= 81/4 = 20.25
EXAMPLE OF A.M:
A sample of five Workers received the
following bonus last year ($):
14.0, 15.0, 17.0, 16.0, 15.0
Solution:

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ARITHMETIC MEAN FOR FREQ. DATA

• Direct Method :

• Short cut method :

• Step deviation Method :

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 ARITHMETIC MEAN FOR FREQ.
DATA

X Freq. fx
• Discrete Frequency
Distribution x1 f1 f1x1
x2 f2 f2x2
X = f1x1 + f2x2 + …..fnxn x3 f3 f3x3
= Σfx
x4 f4 f4x4
N Σf
Where N = f1 +f2 +…+fn Σf Σfx
= n =Σ no. of observations

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Illustratio
Heightn No. of Students
(in inches) f fX
X

60 12 60 x 12 = 720
62 18 1116
64 10 640
66 6 396
68 4 272

50 = N 3144 = Σ fx

(x̄)= 3144 / 50 = 62.88

inches
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 MEDIAN

Median is the middle

number in a set of data
when the data is arranged
in numerical order.
 MEDIAN – POSITIONAL AVERAGE
• The value of the middle term of a series
arranged in ascending or descending order of
magnitude.

• Its amount is the value of the middle item

irrespective (‫ )بغض النظر‬of all other values.
 CALCULATION OF MEDIAN
• Individual Series
N = no. of observations or items in the series
- Arrange all the items in ascending or descending
order of magnitude.
Case I ( N ) = Odd
Median = Value at (N+1) th position in the arranged
series. 2

Case II N = Even
Median = A.M of values at (N, N+1)th position.
2 2
 EXAMPLE OF MEDIAN
The ages for a sample of five college students are:
21, 25, 19, 20, 22
Solution:
Arranging the data in ascending order gives:
19, 20, 21, 22, 25.
Here n=5
𝐧+𝟏
As median= ( )thvalue
𝟐
5+1
Md=( )th value
2
6
=( )th value
2
=3rd value
25
Thus the median is 21 Year.
 CALCULATION OF MEDIAN – ILLUSTRATION
(INDIVIDUAL SERIES)
Ex.1 Find the median 5, 7, 9, 12, 10, 8, 7, 15,21
Solution: Arranging in ascending order we get
5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 21
Here n = 9 i.e odd
Hence Md = (n+1) th item in the arranged order
2
= (9 +1) th item
2
= 5 th item
= 9.
 CALCULATION OF MEDIAN – ILLUSTRATION
(INDIVIDUAL SERIES)

Ex 2. Find the median 10, 18, 9, 17, 15, 24, 30, 11

Solution Arranging in ascending order we get
9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 24, 30
Here n = 8 i.e. even
Hence Md = A.M of the ( n , n +1)th items in the
2 2
arranged order.
= A.M of (4th, 5th) items
= (15 + 17)
2
= 16.
 12, 15, 11, 11, 7, 13
First, arrange the data in numerical
order. 7, 11, 11, 12, 13, 15
Then find the number in the middle
or the average of the two numbers
in the middle.
11 + 12 = 23 23 / 2 = 11.5
The median is 11.5
 An electronics store sells
CD players at the
following prices: $350,
$275, $500, $325, $100,
$375, and $300. What is
the median price?
Find your answer before clicking!
 First place the prices in numerical order.

$100, $275, $300, $325, $350, $375, $500

The price in the middle is the median price.

The median price is $325.

63 73 84 88 95 97 97 100

88 + 95 = 183

183 ÷ 2 The median is

91.5
 MODE

• The value occurring the largest no. of times in a

series.
• That is the value having the maximum frequency.
• Is calculated for discrete and continuous frequency distributions
only.

For ex. How to obtain the mode for 4,1,3,4,5 ,4 ,2?

as the maximum frequency is 4 and each observation
has frequency 1.
The mode is the number
that occurs the most.
12, 15, 11, 11, 7, 13

The mode is 11.

Sometimes a set of data will have more
than one mode.
For example, in the following set the
numbers both the numbers 5 and 7 appear
twice.
2, 9, 5, 7, 8, 6, 4, 7, 5
5 and 7 are both the mode and this set is said
to be .
Sometimes there is no mode in a set of data.

3, 8, 7, 6, 12, 11, 2, 1

All the numbers in this set occur only

once therefore there is no mode in this set.
$100, $275, $300, $325, $350, $375, $500

What is the mode ?

Find your answer before clicking!

$100, $275, $300, $325, $350,
$375, $500
There is no mode!
63 73 84 86 88 95 97 97 100

The value 97 appears twice.

All other numbers appear just once.

97 is the MODE
GEOMETRIC MEAN

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 GEOMETRIC MEAN
• Geometric mean is a kind of average of a set of numbers that is
different from the arithmetic average.
• The geometric mean is well defined only for sets of positive real
numbers. This is calculated by multiplying all the numbers, and
taking the nth root of the product.
• A common example of where the geometric mean is the correct
choice is when averaging growth rates.
• The geometric mean is NOT the arithmetic mean and it is NOT a
simple average.
• Mathematical definition: The nth root of the product of n
numbers.
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FORMULAS OF G.M

• For ungrouped data:

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
G.M=Anti σ
𝑛

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GEOMETRIC MEAN

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 HARMONIC MEAN
• Harmonic mean is quotient (‫) خارج القسمة‬of “number of the given
values” and “sum of the reciprocals (‫) مقلوبات‬of the given values”.

• For Ungrouped Data

• For grouped Data

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 HARMONIC MEAN
EXAMPLE
Calculate the harmonic mean of the numbers: 13.2, 14.2, 14.8,
15.2 and 16.1
Solution:
The harmonic mean is calculated as below:
𝟏
AS X 𝑿
13.2 0.0758
14.2 0.0704
14.8 0.0676
15.2 0.0658
16.1 0.0621
Total 1
⅀ =0.3147 45
𝑋
 HARMONIC MEAN

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 SOME EXERCISES

Data (n=16):
1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10
Compute the mean, median, mode, quartiles.

Answer.
1 1 2 2 ┋ 2 2 3 3 ┋ 4 4 5 5 ┋ 6 7 8 10
Mean = 65/16 = 4.06
Median = 3.5
Mode = 2
Q1 = 2
Q2 = Median = 3.5
Q3 = 5.5

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 EXERCISE

Data – number of absences (n=13) :

0, 5, 3, 2, 1, 2, 4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 6, 12
Compute the mean, median, mode, quartiles.

Answer. First order the data:

0, 0, 0,┋ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4,┋ 5, 6, 12
Mean = 39/13 = 3.0 absences
Median = 2 absences
Mode = 0 absences
Q1 = .5 absences
Q3 = 4.5 absences

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 EXERCISE

Data: Reading Levels of 16 eighth graders.

5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 8, 7, 7, 7, 8, 10, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9

Answer. First, order the data:

5 5 6 6 ┋ 6 7 7 7 ┋ 8 8 9 9 ┋ 9 9 9 10
Sum=120.
Mean= 120/16 = 7.5 This is the average reading level of the 16 students.
Median = Q2 = 7.5
Q1 = 6,
Q3 = 9
Mode = 9

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 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

• Now you are qualified use descriptive statistics!

• Questions?
THANK YOU

October 2022