STATISTICAL

Topic 2 MEASURES OF
DATA
Parameter and Statistic
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variation
Parameter and Statistic
A measure computed on the
basis of data obtained from a
sample is termed a statistic.
A parameter is a measure
computed on the basis of data
obtained from an entire
population.
Parameter and Statistic

The sample statistic is

presumed to be an estimate
of the population parameter.
Parameter and Statistic
Example:
1. The average height of a
selected sample of grade
one pupils in a certain STATISTIC
school. PARAMETER

2. The average height of all

grade one pupils in the
school.
Measures of Central Tendency

Any measure indicating the

center of a set of data, arranged
in an increasing and decreasing
order of magnitude.
Measures of Central Tendency

MEAN
MEDIAN
MODE
Notation:
Measure of

Central Tendency Statistic Parameter

Mean X 
Median md Md
Mode mo Mo
Measures of Central Tendency

MEAN

➢ The mean is the average.

➢ It is computed by
summing the inputs and
dividing by the number of
inputs.
MEAN

Formula:
N

 i
x
X = i =1
N
 MEAN
1. The number of employees at 5 different drug
stores are 3, 5, 6, 4, and 6. Treating the data
as population, find the mean number of
employees for the 5 stores.
2. A food inspector examined a random sample
of 7 cans of certain brand of tuna to
determine the percent of foreign impurities.
The following data were recorded: 1.8, 2.1,
1.7, 1.6, 0.9, 2.7, and 1.8. Compute the
sample mean.
1. The number of employees at 5 different drug stores
are 3, 5, 6, 4, and 6. Treating the data as population,
find the mean number of employees for the 5 stores.
A food inspector examined a random sample of 7 cans
of certain brand of tuna to determine the percent of
foreign impurities. The following data were recorded:
1.8, 2.1, 1.7, 1.6, 0.9, 2.7, and 1.8. Compute the sample
mean.
Measures of Central Tendency

MEDIAN

➢ The median is the midpoint

of a set of numbers.
➢ The numbers must be
arranged in order from lowest
to highest or vice-versa.
MEDIAN

➢ If there is an odd number of

inputs, the median is the
middle input.
➢ If there is an even number of
inputs, the median is the
average of the two inputs in
the middle.
 MEDIAN

1. On 5 terms tests in sociology a

student has made grades of 82, 93,
86, 92 and 79. Find the median for
this population of grades.
2. The nicotine contents for a random
sample of 6 cigarettes of a certain
brand are found to be 2.3, 2.7, 2.5,
2.9, 3.1, and 1.9 milligrams. Find the
median.
1. On 5 terms tests in sociology a student has
made grades of 82, 93, 86, 92 and 79. Find
the median for this population of grades.
2. The nicotine contents for a random sample of
6 cigarettes of a certain brand are found to be
2.3, 2.7, 2.5, 2.9, 3.1, and 1.9 milligrams. Find
the median.
Measures of Central Tendency

MODE

➢ The mode is the input

that appears most times.
➢ There can be more than
one mode.
 MODE
Example:
1. The donations from the residents of fairway
Forest towards the Virginia Lung
Association are recorded as 9, 10, 5, 9, 9,
7, 8, 6, 10, and 11. Find the mode.
2. The number of movies attended last month
by a random sample of 12 high school
students were recorded as follows: 2, 0, 3,
1, 2, 4, 2, 5, 4, 0, 1, and 4. Find the mode.
SW: Problem:

The following data show the

amount of phosphates per
load of laundry, in grams, for a
random sample of various
types of detergents used
according to the prescribed
directions.
For the given data below, find the mean,
median, mode

Laundry Detergent Phosphates per Load(gm)

A&P Blue Sail 48
Dash 47
Concentrated All 42
Cold Water All 42
Breeze 41
Oxydol 34
Ajax 31
Sears 30
Fab 29
Cold Power 29
Bold 29
Rinso 26
Solution: (SW)

Computing for the MEAN:

n

x i
X = i =1
n
48 + 47 + 42 + 42 + 41 + 34 + 31 + 30 + 29 + 29 + 29 + 26
X=
12
X = 35.67
Computing for the MEDIAN:

34 + 31
md =
2
md = 32.5
Computing for the MODE:

mo = 29
MEASURES
OF
VARIATION
Measures of Variation
A measure of dispersion of
observations about the mean. It
describes how the observations
spread out along the scale of
distribution.
Measures of Variation
Example:
Consider the following measurements, in liters, for
two samples of orange juice bottled by companies A
and B.
Sample A 0.97 1.00 0.94 1.03 1.06

Sample B 1.06 1.01 0.88 0.91 1.14

• Both samples have the same mean, 1.00 liters.

• Company A bottles orange juice with a more
uniform content than company B.
• The variability or dispersion of the observations
from the average is less for sample A than for
sample B.
Measures of Variation
Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
RANGE
❖ The range of a set of data is
the difference between the
largest and smallest number
in the set.

R = xH - xL
Example:

The IQs of 5 members of a

family are 108, 112, 127, 118,
and 113. Find the range.
R = xH – xL
= 127 – 108

= 19
STANDARD DEVIATION

❖ The standard deviation is

the quantity that measures
the degree of spread or
dispersion of values from the
mean in a distribution.
 STANDARD DEVIATION
The basic idea behind the standard
deviation is that when the spread is
large, the sample values will tend to
be far from their mean, but when
the spread is small, the values will
tend to be close to their mean.
 VARIANCE
➢ The variance is the average of the
squared deviations, except that we
divide by n-1 instead of n.
➢ It is the square of the standard
deviation.
 VARIANCE
For a population,
N

 (x i − ) 2

variance,  =
2 i =1
N
For a sample,
n

 (x i − x) 2

variance, s =
2 i =1
n −1
Example:

Assuming that two sets A and B are

populations, calculate their variance.
Set A 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15

Set B 3 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 15
For Set A:
N

 ( xi −  ) 2
9

 (x − 8)
2
i
2 = i =1
= i =1
N 9

=
(− 5) + (− 4 ) + (− 3) + (− 2 ) + (0 ) + (1) + (2 ) + (4 ) + (7 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

9
124
=
9
Example:

A certain city in the south has a total

of nine industrial factories. These
factories reported the following
number of days their operation were
stopped because of strikes: 20, 19,
18, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12 & 8. Determine
the following: range, variance, and
standard deviation.
Solution:

Computing for the range:

R = 20 - 8 = 12
Computing for the MEAN:
n

x i
= i =1
n
20 + 19 + 18 + 16 + 15 + 14 + 13 + 12 + 8
=
9

 = 15
Computing for the variance: ( = 15)
Xi Xi -  (Xi - )2
20 5 25
19 4 16
18 3 9
16 1 1
15 0 0
14 -1 1
13 -2 4
12 -3 9
8 -7 49

 /Xi -  / = 26 (Xi - )2 = 114

From the Table: (Xi - )2 = 114
N =9
N

 (x i − ) 2

 =2 i =1
N
2
114
𝜎 =
9
2
𝜎 =12.67
Computing for the Standard Deviation:

 = 12 .67
2
=  2

 = 12 .67
 = 3.56
Outliers
Sometimes a sample may contain a few
points that are much larger or smaller
than the rest. Such points are called
outliers.
Outliers

Sometimes outliers result from data

entry errors.
Outliers should always be scrutinized,
and any outlier that is found to result
form an error should be corrected or
deleted.