22-02-14 Pumps

EQUIPMENT
PUMPS
EXP-PR-EQ070-EN
Rev. 0
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• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
In this course you
will learn:
• What are pumps?
• Why are pumps used in the oil & gas
industry?
• Operating principle of pumps – basic theory
• Various types of pumps
• Advantages and disadvantages of pump types
• Pump data and representation on documents
• Pump auxiliaries and accessories
• Operating parameters and normal operation
• Abnormal conditions and troubleshooting
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
What are pumps?
• Introduction
• Pumps are mechanical devices used to convey liquids from
point A to point B. In particular, they can be used to take a
liquid at pressure P1 and raise it to pressure P2 (where P2 >
P1).
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
What are pumps?
• Main categories
• Centrifugal pumps
The liquid moves as a result of an energy increase derived from the
centrifugal force.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
What are pumps?
• Positive displacement pumps
• The flow develops from the variation in the volume occupied

by
the liquid.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
Why are pumps used in the oil & gas industry?
 Use of pumps
• Pumps, whether they are centrifugal or positive displacement, are used for
conveying liquids of all types: water, hydrocarbons, more or less viscous
liquids, chemicals or toxic substances such as benzene. However, vacuum
pumps such as liquid-ring rotary pumps can convey gas.
• The simplest and most common means of conveying liquids (Crude, Oil,
Water) is the centrifugal pump, and it is also the most economical means.
• However, there are at least three types of applications for which

centrifugal pumps lose their effectiveness:
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 For the following types of pumping applications a
positive displacement pump must be used:
• Pumping viscous products: At high viscosities, using a

centrifugal pump would require an oversized pump with a
flow rate outside of its optimum specifications, a very poor
efficiency and a very high power consumption.
• For accurate instantaneous dosing, a centrifugal pump
would require a flow meter to control the speed of the
centrifugal pump, with the risk of the pump operating
outside of its optimum specifications.
• Pumping liquids considered fragile (milk, wine, beer, volatile
liquids, etc.).
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 What determines the type of pump to chose?
a) Product property b) Type of application

• Viscosity, • Transfer,
• Temperature, • Mixing,
• Density, • Dosing,
• Chemical composition, • Flow rate,
• Sensitivity • Suction pressure
• etc. • Discharge pressure
• etc.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
c) Composition of effluent
Example: Lets look at the behaviour of a pump operating under

identical conditions:
Suction flow rate

Same: Suction pressure
Rotation speed
Butane dt = 0.5
Different densities Sodium hydroxide dt = 1.2
Water dt = 1
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Different densities – same column height
• When the density of the

liquid varies, the two
column heights remain the
same, only their p vary;
and the greater the density,
the greater the p.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
Operating principle of pumps – basic theory
 Centrifugal pumps
• Pressure difference as liquid height
(P2 – P1) / p . g = h (height in m)
P1, P2 = Relative pressures in Pascal

p = density (in kg/m³).
g = gravitational force = 9.81 (in m/s² or
N/kg).
h = height of point in question in
relation
to a reference axis (in m).
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Liquid head
The total energy of a liquid at any point of a network is the sum of 3

forms of energy, which can be expressed in terms of liquid head (m):
 Epr Pressure energy expressed in mCL= p / ρ . g

 Ec Kinetic energy expressed in mCL= v² / 2g
 EP Potential energy expressed in mCL= z
Total energy expressed in head (m)= p / ρ . g + v² / 2g+ z
• This liquid may gain head if energy is added by a pump, or it may

lose some if its flow is subjected to friction (see head loss)
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Liquid head (Cont’d)
ht (m) = p / ρg + v² / 2g + z
p: absolute liquid pressure

in Pa
v: liquid speed in m /s
z: height in m from
reference line
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Using a pump = increasing the head
• If we want another point on the network ( pt1) to have a

greater pressure while the other 2 energies remain constant,
additional energy needs to be supplied between these 2
points … which is what a pump does.
• The energy that needs to be supplied to the fluid to raise its

head from ht1 to ht2 is H (mLc), is expressed as follows:
ht1 + H = ht2
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Flow friction = liquid head losses
• The head loss from a fluid flowing in a pipe between 2 points pt1 and pt2
represents the energy lost due to friction (on the walls and between the product
particles).
• This lost energy is expressed (as with the other energies) in mLc, and is generally
represented by the letter J.
• Since the total energy between 2 points must be conserved, if between pnt 1
and pnt 2 there is a head loss due to friction J (expressed in mLc), we can
express this as follows:
ht1 - J = ht2
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Head loss as a function of volume flow rate
• Head loss can be defined in any

part of a network, and in
particular:
• In the suction part (between the
suction point and pump inlet)
• In the discharge part (between the
pump discharge and the emission
point)
• The head loss between 2 points is
proportional to the square of the
flow rate. This is represented by
the curve J = f(Qv2)
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Using a pump in a network with head loss
• We have seen that a liquid's head at a point corresponds to its

energy at this point, and that between 2 points pnt 1 and pnt
2 there could be head loss due to friction, and a head gain by
means of a pump, so a network with head losses and a pump
can be expressed as follows:
ht1 + H – J = ht2
• H being the head (energy) to be supplied to the liquid to raise
it from point pnt1 to pnt 2, when there is an energy loss equal
to J between these 2 points.
• Head to be supplied
H = (ht2 – ht1) + J = hG + J
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Liquid transfer using a pump from vessel B1 to vessel B2
• hG is the difference in head

between 2 points, not the
difference in the height.
• The energy to be supplied

will serve to raise the head
from ht1 to ht2 and also to
compensate for head losses
J = f (Qv²)
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 What to do, if we need to select a pump?
• The prevailing pressure in

vessel 1 is P1 = 3.6 bar, and the
prevailing pressure in vessel 2 is
P2 = 1.4 bar. The distance
between the liquid levels in the
two vessels is 12 m.
• The water level in vessel 1 is
taken as the elevation reference.
• So this gives:
z1 = 0 m - z2 = 12 m
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Plotting the Network Curve
hG = (P2 / ρ·g + z2) − (P1 / ρ·g +z1)
= (3.6 · 105 / 1000 · 9.81 +12) − (1.4 · 105 / 1000 · 9.81 + 0)
= 34.4 m.
hG actually represents the energy the pump needs to supply (expressed in mLc)
for a flow rate of zero. If we want the pump to deliver a flow rate Qv2 at
point 2, the pump will have to supply the energy H2.
 Now we can plot the Network Curve: H = hG + aQv2 as a function of
flow rate.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Pump characteristics
• Centrifugal pumps are devices that supply the liquid energy in

the form of height differential, which is known as the TMH.
• The TMH value represents the height of liquid which may be

obtained in the discharge pipe in relation to the suction liquid
level.
• TMH is a function of the flow rate; this relation is given by the

manufacturer's curve TMH= f (Qv), which means that for a given
flow rate Qv1, the pump will provide a given discharge pressure
that will be used to "raise" the liquid to a given height TMH1.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Pump curve
• The TMH is a function of the

flow rate; this relation is given
by the manufacturer's curve
TMH= f (Qv), which means
that for a given flow rate Qv1,
the pump will provide a given
discharge pressure that will be
used to "raise" the liquid to a
given height TMH1.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Pump performance curve
It is produced by a pump manufacturer from actual tests
performed and shows the relationship between flow and total
dynamic head, the
efficiency, the Power
NPSH required and Best Efficiency Point
the power required.
Meter Head
Power required
NPSH required
Flow curve
Flow
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 TMH of a pump
• The mLc value can be

represented schematically, in
which the liquid at the
discharge point has reached a
maximum level (zero flow) with
the pump in operation:
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Densities vs. Pressure difference
 Since the pressures are proportional to the term ρ · g (manometric
height h at a point is such that p = ρ · g · h), the TMH of a
centrifugal pump expressed in mLc is independent of the density of
the product.
 When the density of the product varies, TMH remains the same,
only the pressure difference Pr – Pa (expressed in bar) will vary.
Pumped product Suction pressure Discharge pressure

P (bar)
(density) (relative, bar) (relative, bar)
Butane = 0.5 10.3 14 3.7
Sodium hydroxide =
10.8 19.6 8.8
1.2
Water = 1 10.7 18.2 7.5
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 How to chose the right pump?
 Network curve ‘R’: defines the requirement (Qv* at H*):

We have a liquid (defined by its density) at a pressure P1 at a
level Z1 which we want to transfer to level Z2 at pressure P2, and
this network experiences head losses represented by J=f(Qv²).
 Pump curve ‘C’: must provide the energy TMH* at the targets
flow rate Qv* equal to the required energy H*.
 Operating (or Duty) point ‘F’: intersection of these 2 points.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Pump curve C/ Network curve R / Duty (operating) point F

 For each flow rate Qv desired for a given circuit, the pump
will supply the TMH required, which is defined by the
intersection of the pump curve (TMH = f (Qv)) with the
network characteristic curve (H = f (Qv)).
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Cavitation
• Due to the design of centrifugal pumps, the lowest pressure in it

is at the eye of the impeller (inlet).
• If the pressure of the pumped liquid becomes = Pv, the liquid will
partially vaporise, the gas bubbles will be carried along with the
liquid to zones where the pressure is higher, and the gas bubbles
will then rise above Pv and condense, imploding near the walls.
• This is the phenomenon called cavitation which, depending on its

magnitude, manifests itself as noise, vibrations, operating
instability, power losses and possibly erosion of the metal ...
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •2
 Pump efficiency
• A pump’s efficiency (R) is the ratio between the power

consumption of the pump Pa and the energy actually
transmitted by the pump to the liquid, the hydraulic power
Ph.
• Efficiency is equal to
the ratio of these two
powers:
R = Ph / Pa
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
 Vapour pressure
• For a given temperature, the more we decrease the fluid

pressure the closer we come to the vapour pressure (boiling
pressure) Pv of that fluid.
• The following Table shows that if water at 20°C undergoes a

pressure drop below a value of 0.023 bar, then it will start to
boil.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
 Boiling point temperature of water at different pressures
Pressure (bar) Boiling point temperature (ºC)
50 264
6 159
2 120
1 100
0.5 81
0.023 20
0.2 17.5
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM
 Total head and head loss
• Now let us consider the following network:
We can describe the total head for the part of the network located
upstream of the pump:
• ht1 − J = ht A, where ht1 is
the total head of the fluid in
the vessel, htA the total head
of the fluid at the pump inlet
and J the fluid's head loss
between the vessel and the
pump.
• Thus we can deduce
PA = P1 -  · g · (ZA – Z1) - J
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
 NPSH - Net Positive Suction Head
• It is the total pressure in m liquid column pumped,

determined at the pump’s suction flange, minus the Pv of
the liquid at operating temperature.
- NPSHa (available)
- NPSHr (required)
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
 NPSH
 For every pump, there is a minimum NPSH below which

cavitation will appear. This is known as the NPSH required.
 The NPSH required increases with the flow rate QV.
• The pump manufacturer

provides the NPSHr
curve as a function of QV.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
 NPSH available
• Depending on the installation configuration and the product

conveyed, there is a pressure Pa at the pump suction. Only the
pressure quantity above Pv is useful (if this pressure reaches Pv there
will be gas at the pump inlet).
• NPSHa = P1 (mLc) – Pv (mLc) + z1 (mLc) – suction head loss (mLc)
• The NPSH can be calculated either from the pump suction data, or
from vessel suction data.
• There are 2 possible pump installation scenarios:
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
 Pump in suction mode
• Pump in suction mode: the

pump is installed above the
level of the liquid to be
pumped.
• In this case the pump must
raise the liquid to the suction
point before expelling it at the
discharge point.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
 Pump in primed mode
 Pump primed: the pump is
installed below the level of

the liquid to be pumped.
 In this case the liquid in
the suction pipe produces a
“useful” pressure for which
the pump will not need to
compensate
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
• What to do, if we need to select a pump?
• We have a list of pumps and data sheets from various manufacturers.

• We have a risk to consider: Cavitation.
• We know our network condition (see slide no. 19: What to do, if we need to select a
pump?).
• First we calculate the Energy requirement hG the pump needs to supply (expressed in
mLc) for a flow rate of zero.
• hG = (P2 / ρ·g + z2) − (P1 / ρ·g +z1)
= (3.6 · 105 / 1000 · 9.81 +12) − (1.4 · 105 / 1000 · 9.81 + 0)
= 34.4 m
• If we want the pump to deliver a flow rate Qv2 at pnt 2, the pump will have to supply
the energy H2.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •3
• What to do, if we need to select a pump? (Cont’d)
• For our given network and with our known conditions, we can now plot the
Network Curve: H = hG + aQv2 as a function of flow rate (see slide no. 20: Plotting
the Network Curve).
• Centrifugal pumps are devices that will supply the liquid energy in the form of
height differential TMH (see slide no. 23: TMH of a Pump).
• The TMH is a function of the flow rate; this relation is given by the manufacturer's
curve TMH= f (Qv) (see slide no. 22: Pump Curve).
• The TMH of a centrifugal pump expressed in mLc is independent of the density of
the product (see slide no. 23: Densities vs. Pressure difference).
• If I want the flow rate to be Qv*, the energy that the pump will need to supply,
expressed in mLc, is the point corresponding to H* (see slide no. 26: Network
curve R).
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 What to do, if we need to select a pump? (Cont’d)
• We now need to find a pump which at the target flow rate Qv*
provides the energy TMH* equal to the required energy H* (see
slide no. 26: Pump curve C).
• So the Operating Point of the network / pump assembly is the
Intersection of the Pump curve C and the Network curve R.
• The manufacturer provides the NPSH required as a function of
QV (see slide no. 24: Pump performance Curve).
• We need to know, according to the layout of our new pump
system, what the Risk of Cavitation is.
• The NPSH available is a network characteristic independent
of the pump, which we must define to correctly choose our pump.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 Centrifugal pump operating principle
• (1) The liquid flows in along the axis of the pump via the
distributor and the centrifugal force generated by the vaned
wheel’s rotation drives it toward the outside of the wheel.
• (2) It acquires high kinetic energy, which is converted into
pressure energy in the manifold, where the cross-section
increases.
(2) (1
)
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 Singe & Double-acting reciprocating piston pumps
Discharge
Discharge
Suction
Suction
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
• Jet Pump
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 Positive displacement pumps
• A positive displacement pump has a well-enclosed pump barrel inside

of which moves a meticulously adjusted moving element. It develops
its action through the following principle:
• Execution of a cyclic movement, during which a given volume of liquid enters a
compartment before being discharged at the end.
• This movement displaces the liquid between the suction aperture and
the discharge aperture.
• Such pumps can be classified into two categories:
• Rotary displacement pumps:
• Reciprocating displacement pumps:
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 Rotary pump operating principle
• Rotary pumps consist of a moving part which rotates
actuated by a rotational movement around an axis which
itself rotates in the pump barrel and induces movement of
the pumped liquid by displacement of the volume from the
suction point to the discharge point.
Lobe Sliding vane Gear
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 Reciprocating pump operating principle
• The volumes produced at suction and discharge result from
the alternating displacement of a piston or a plunger on its
axis, inside a cylinder.
• There is a time when the cylinder is filled (suction) and a time
when it is emptied (discharge). The liquid flow produced by
the pump will therefore be discontinued.
Diaphragm Plunger
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
Various types of pumps
• This family of pumps is very widespread throughout oil
industry.
• Physical principle: it is the use of centrifugal force that
increases the pressure of the liquids.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 Centrifugal pump - cross section
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •4
 One-piece pumps • In-line pumps

They include in-line pumps The name of this pump is due to
and immersed pumps and are the alignment of the suction
flange and the discharge flange:
pumps whose motor is directly
the pump can be in-line
positioned on the pump mounted in the piping.
casing.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Vertical pumps  Immersed or submersible

This type of pump is used for pumps
emptying pits or buried They are traditional centrifugal
tanks, when an immersed pumps with a one-piece design,
pump cannot be used. i.e. whose motor is directly
supported by the pump barrel.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Well pumps or boring pumps

They are generally used for retrieving seawater, ground water or
river water. They are also used for pumping hydrocarbons. The
maximum depth is limited to 120 metres, mainly due to the
length of the drive shaft.
 Beyond that, "immersed electric

pumps" or immersed pumps that
can discharge at 120 metres are
used.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Multi-stage high pressure pumps

• The high pressure pumps consist of stages arranged in series.
Each stage corresponds to an elementary centrifugal pump,
i.e., a turbine rotating in a volute or a diffuser.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Positive displacement pumps

• They allow much higher TMHs than those of centrifugal pumps.
• The discharge pressure is therefore higher.
• On the other hand, the flow rate is generally lower.
• External and cross-sectional view
of a metering pump
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Air-operated reciprocating pump

• The diaphragms are alternately pushed by the compressed
air from a pneumatic regulator. When one diaphragm is
pushed, it pushes on the liquid and it brings back the other
diaphragm using a control rod.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Rotary liquid ring pump

• This pump does not convey liquid but gas. It is generally used
as a vacuum pump and sometimes as a compressor.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Main types of pumps and their scopes of use
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Pump selection
graph
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
Advantages and disadvantages of pump types
 Displacement pumps
• Reciprocating displacement pumps:
• Piston / pitcher pump
• Diaphragm pump
• Rotary displacement pumps
• Gear pump
• Screw pump
• Impeller pump
• Progressive cavity pump
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •5
 Summary table of advantages and disadvantages of
reciprocating displacement pumps
Advantages Disadvantages Use
Jerky flowrate Pure, slightly corrosive

Accurate flowrate High price non–hazardous liquids
Piston Adjustable flowrate Sensitive to particles
P  100 bars
High efficiency Limited chemical
resistance V  20 m3/hr
Accurate flowrate
Adjustable flowrate Slurry, corrosive,
Jerky flowrate
High efficiency hazardous liquids
High price
Diaphragm Less sensitive to
Limited operating P  20 bars
particles 3
temperature V  30 m /hr
Very good chemical
resistance
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Summary table of advantages and disadvantages of rotary
displacement pumps
Uniform flowrate
Gear Sensitive to particles Pure and viscous liquids
Adjustable flowrate
Sensitive to corrosive
Screw Flowrate accuracy
liquid
P  100 bars
3
Lobe High efficiency V  200 m /hr
Complicated mechanics
Reduced overall size
Accurate flowrate
Adjustable flowrate Corrosive and slurry
Jerky flowrate
Peristaltic type Resistant to corrosive liquids
Limited operating
liquids
Oscillating piston temperature P  4 bars
Self-priming
Slightly sensitive to
Pipe or diaphragm wear V  20 m3/hr
solids and suspensions
Significant overall size

Adjustable flowrate Limited operating Slurry and viscous
Slightly sensitive to temperature liquids
Offset screw solids and suspensions Stator ring wear P  10 bars
3
Stator ring easy to move Sensitive to corrosive V  150 m /hr
liquids
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Summary table of advantages and disadvantages of

centrifugal pumps
Not self-priming
Stable flowrate Significant rates
Interdependent flowrate
General Low price
and carrying pressure
Pure liquids and
Small overall size suspensions
Low efficiency
Reliable
Sensitive to particles
Magnetic drive Limited temperature
No sealing system Limited power Pure, toxic and corrosive
No pollution of the liquid liquids
Wet pit Sensitive to particles
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
Pump data and representation on documents
 Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
• Presents the main process capacities and lines together with

their main operating parameters in a simplified format.
• Example:
• The GX 301 A/B/C pumps suck in the oil separated in the DS 303 and
dispatch it into an export pipe after passing through two desalters DS
305 and DS 306.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Example of PFD – upstream pump circuit
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Example of PFD – downstream pump circuit
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
• P&IDs presents all the process capacities and lines together

with all their valves, instruments and operating parameters
in a much more complex format than the PFD.
• Example:
 Reiterates the previous example but in a much more detailed format:
 The pumping system comprises three pumps.
 Two pumps are in service.
 The other is an automatic backup and may be activated during peak
flows (occurrence of a bottleneck)..
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Example of PID – separation pumping system
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Pump process datasheet
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
 Pump operating curve
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •6
Pump auxiliaries and accessories
 Auxiliaries
• Equipment surrounding a centrifugal pump (process lines,
pump base & support etc.)
• Auxiliary circuits (water, hydrocarbons, steam produced)
• Bearing, oil & greasing system
• A manometer with a correct discharge function
 Accessories and Process Lines

• Valves, bends, filters, check valve, pressure gauges, suction /
discharge pipes, reducers, divergent tubes, etc.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Pump functions
• Components involved in pumping fluid: Hydraulic function

• Rotor Rotation and Axial Displacement function
• .Lubrication function
• Devices for limiting leaks: Sealing function
• Cooling of certain parts: Cooling function
• Assembly function
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Accessories and process lines: centrifuge pump
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Lubricating function
Oil bath or pick-up Throwers Lubrication rings
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Lubricating function (Cont’d)
Constant level reservoir Cover and drip chamber
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Sealing function
Packing box Mechanical packing
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Chinese cap and Trapezoidal filters

• These filters may be vertically or horizontally installed.
Chinese cap filter Trapezoidal filter
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
Swing check valve Flap valve
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
Suction manometer Discharge manometer
Off-centered reducer Divergent tube
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Cooling function
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •7
 Sealing function
Flushing
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Forced lubrication system
1. Lube oil pump coupled with the machine, 2. Oil filter,

3. Lubricating points (bearing), 4. Oil reservoir
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Associated circuits for a hot pump
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
Operating parameters and normal operation
 Normal Operation
• The operator must monitor the following elements whilst the
machine is in operation:
• For centrifugal pumps
• The outlet pressure
• The suction pressure
• The pressure difference in the suction filter.
• The bearing temperature
• Abnormal noises (water hammer, cavitation)
• Mechanical imperviousness leaks
• The average cooling temperature
• The oil lubrication system (pressure, temperature and level)
• The power consumption in amperes (intensity)
• Less vibrations
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Normal Operation
• Volumetric pumps
• The outlet pressure

• The suction pressure
• Leaks in the pump.
• The oil lubrication system (pressure, temperature and level)
• The cooling system
• Check safeguarding system.
• In addition, a certain number of hydraulic problems may disturb, or even prevent,

the correct operation of the pump.
• This is notably the case at the time of initiation in the event of water hammer or
cavitation.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Pump priming
• For a pump to be
operational, it must
provide sufficient
pressure, which is not
possible when it is full of
air.
• By “purging” the air (or
the gas) from the pump,
the priming (or initiation)
of the pump is ensured.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Cavitation
• If the liquid input pressure at the wheel is lower than the
vapour pressure, partial liquid vaporisation will occur, which is
reflected in the creation of gas bubbles (cavities).
• These bubbles, which are carried by the liquid, move in the wheel
and are therefore subject to increasing pressures.
• The bubbles implode. The
shock created by the bubbles
bursting destroys the walls of
the elements in contact with
the fluid. A cavitation pump
soon becomes worn.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Preparing Centrifugal pumps for initial start-up
• Ensure the pipes are clean
• Ensure a temporary filter is installed
• Check the correct alignment of the suction and discharge
flanges compared with the corresponding flanges on the
pump to prevent the pump body being placed under pressure
• Ensure that the pump is rotating freely
• Verify the correct pump / motor alignment
• Check the rotation direction
• Check the filling of the pump, purge the pump body and the
Packing quenching pipes
• Check the greasing of the bearings
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Checking Centrifugal pumps after start-up

• Check the packing leaks. A pump gland should drain
• Check the suction and discharge pressures
• In the event of manometer pulsations and suction noise,
pinch the discharge until the pressure stabilises
 Preparing Volumetric pumps for initial start-up
• Volumetric pumps generally are brought into service in a very
similar way. However, it is important to remember that this
type of pump must always be started with the suction and
discharge valves open
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Preparation of pumps for maintenance

• Stop the pump
• Isolate the electrical power (see the electrical insulation
procedure)
• Close the suction and outlet valve
• Depressurise the suction and outlet lines
• Respect the safety procedures recommended on the work
permit.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •8
 Analysis of symptoms
• Normal noises
• Noises due to fluid flowing through the piping
• Noises originating in the pump wheel
• Hydraulic shocks at the blade input
• Passage of blades in front of the volute tongue or in front of the diffuser blade
inputs
• Bearing noises
• Whistling noises caused by throttling (diaphragms - valves –
compressor valves)
• Motor noises
• Ventilator
• Bearings
• magnetic noises
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
• Abnormal noises
• Noises of mechanical origin
• bearings (rolling or smooth bearings)
• vibrations (pneumatic drill noise)
• coupling noises (worn stops, poor lineage, caulked or worn
serration)
• Noises of electrical origin
• Modulated overload noise which is very difficult to distinguish
and analyse
• Noises of hydraulic origin
• Noise when passing through excessively narrow areas or
obstacles
• Blocked filter noise (hissing).
• Cavitation noise (an identical noise is caused when gravel
passes through the pump. Also similar to crusher noise)
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
• Cavitation
• Why can the pressure fall so low?
• Increase in head loss at the suction point
• Increase in suction height
• Suction in a vacuum tank
• Insufficient head
• Increase in the temperature of the liquid transmitted
• What are the possible sources of cavitation?

• Tank level too low at suction point
• Accidental obstruction in the suction circuit
• Unplanned increase in water temperature
• Unnoticed opening of an outlet valve
• Accidental increase in flow rate
• Wear and tear of the pump wheel
• Damage to seal rings of the pump
NB: A pump may cavitate with low flow rates
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
• Cavitation
• Solutions
• Check the above-mentioned points and amend the one or
ones whose development appears to be harmful
• A pump may operate for a very short period with cavitation
• This situation should not be prolonged
• The damage is generally very rapid (depending on the
material). Stop the machine
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
 Vibrations
• In the past, inspectors used to “check” the vibrations of a
machine :
• Directly by hand
• By listening to the machine (screwdriver, pencils, etc.)
• By conducting the coin test
• Nowadays, proper measuring tools are used which allow
for:
• The determination of the wear and tear of a machine
• The determination of the deficient part of the machine, which is
sufficiently precise to allow for the monitoring of the development
of each machine.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
 Leaks
External leaks
 Braided pump gland – the water should always drain – the pump
gland should be lubricated with a normal leak
 Mechanical packing - the film between the two friction surfaces is
constantly renewed but no leak is apparent
 Joints – poorly tightened or broken joint
Internal leaks
 Liquid film in the pumps balanced by a disc and counter-disc
 Worn seal rings = internal recirculation
NB: Oil leaks on bearings
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
 Altered parameters
A further point to mention is the case where the pump

no longer performs to its previous level.
This may be due to:

• Incorrect information provided by the manometer
• An upstream or downstream restriction.
Example: blocked suction Filter
• A change in the fluid composition (new viscosity, methanol
entering the pumped liquid)
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
Abnormal conditions and troubleshooting
• Troubleshooting - What to do if...

Zero flow
• Pump not primed
• Insufficient speed (check the motor)
• Manometric height of the equipment greater than intended
• Insufficient NPSH
• Wrong rotation direction
• Air pockets in the suction pipes
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
 Insufficient flow rate

• Air input at the suction point
• Insufficient speed
• Manometric height of the equipment greater than intended
• Partially blocked impeller
• Insufficient suction pressure (cavitation)
• Worn seal rings or damaged impeller
• Foot valve too small or waterlogged
• Foot valve not sufficiently immersed
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
 Insufficient pressure
• Air input in the suction pipes
• Emission of air or vapour in the pipes
• Same mechanical faults as above: seal rings – impeller
 Unpriming in operation
• Air input in the suction pipes
• Excessive suction height
• Emission of air or vapour in the liquid
• Air input in the stuffing box
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •9
• Exaggerated absorbed power

• Excessive speed
• Total manometric height less than intended
• Pumped liquid with different density or viscosity from
intended values
• Mechanical faults
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 Pump vibration
• Poor alignment
• Insufficient foundations
• Foreign bodies in the impeller leading to imbalance
• Mechanic faults – non-aligned shaft
• Friction of internal elements
• Wear and tear of roller bearings
• Pump without water
• Cavitation
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
 How can cavitation be rectified?

When a pump cavitates, it is generally due to a pressure drop at
the suction point. It is therefore necessary to re-establish a correct
pressure.
Verify:
• The total opening of the valves between the aspirator bottle and the pump
• The level of the aspirator bottle
• The loss of head in the filter
• Moderate flow rate
• The temperature and quality of the product
• An excessive internal clearance in the seal rings caused by wear and tear or
an imperfect repair.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
• How can cavitation be rectified? (Cont’d)
By reducing the flow in the pump by partially closing

the outlet valve, it is possible to reduce and event
eliminate cavitation, but this is only a temporary
measure and it is always important to identify the cause
of cavitation.
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1
THANK YOU
• 12/9/22 11:25 AM •1

22-02-14 Pumps

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EQUIPMENT

• Positive displacement pumps

• The flow develops from the variation in the volume occupied

• However, there are at least three types of applications for which

• Pumping viscous products: At high viscosities, using a

a) Product property b) Type of application

Example: Lets look at the behaviour of a pump operating under

Suction flow rate

 Different densities – same column height

• When the density of the

(P2 – P1) / p . g = h (height in m)

P1, P2 = Relative pressures in Pascal

The total energy of a liquid at any point of a network is the sum of 3

 Epr Pressure energy expressed in mCL= p / ρ . g

Total energy expressed in head (m)= p / ρ . g + v² / 2g+ z

• This liquid may gain head if energy is added by a pump, or it may

p: absolute liquid pressure

 Using a pump = increasing the head

• If we want another point on the network ( pt1) to have a

• The energy that needs to be supplied to the fluid to raise its

• Head loss can be defined in any

• We have seen that a liquid's head at a point corresponds to its

• hG is the difference in head

• The energy to be supplied

 What to do, if we need to select a pump?

• The prevailing pressure in

• Centrifugal pumps are devices that supply the liquid energy in

• The TMH value represents the height of liquid which may be

• TMH is a function of the flow rate; this relation is given by the

• The TMH is a function of the

• The mLc value can be

Pumped product Suction pressure Discharge pressure

Butane = 0.5 10.3 14 3.7

Water = 1 10.7 18.2 7.5

 How to chose the right pump?

 Network curve ‘R’: defines the requirement (Qv* at H*):

 Operating (or Duty) point ‘F’: intersection of these 2 points.

 Pump curve C/ Network curve R / Duty (operating) point F

• Due to the design of centrifugal pumps, the lowest pressure in it

• This is the phenomenon called cavitation which, depending on its

• A pump’s efficiency (R) is the ratio between the power

• For a given temperature, the more we decrease the fluid

• The following Table shows that if water at 20°C undergoes a

 Boiling point temperature of water at different pressures

Pressure (bar) Boiling point temperature (ºC)

 NPSH - Net Positive Suction Head

• It is the total pressure in m liquid column pumped,

 For every pump, there is a minimum NPSH below which

• The pump manufacturer

• Depending on the installation configuration and the product

• NPSHa = P1 (mLc) – Pv (mLc) + z1 (mLc) – suction head loss (mLc)

• There are 2 possible pump installation scenarios:

 Pump in suction mode

• Pump in suction mode: the

 Pump in primed mode

 Pump primed: the pump is

installed below the level of

• We have a list of pumps and data sheets from various manufacturers.

 Positive displacement pumps

• A positive displacement pump has a well-enclosed pump barrel inside

Lobe Sliding vane Gear

 Centrifugal pump - cross section

 One-piece pumps • In-line pumps