Professional Documents
Culture Documents
residentes
Ana Victoria Chávez Sánchez
ANTIDEPRESIVOS
CONCEPTOS
• ANTIDEPRESIVOS
ISRS
Hipótesis Factor Neutrófico derivado de
cerebro.
¿Cómo elegir?
• Historia de medicación
• Seguridad en sobredosis
• Tolerabilidad de efectos secundarios
• Interacciones farmacológicas
The specific cytochrome enzymes that each drug and their metabolites potently or moderately inhibit are as follows:
●Citalopram – none
●Escitalopram – none
●Fluoxetine – CYP2D6 (potent) and 2C19 (moderate)
●Fluvoxamine – CYP1A2 (potent) and 2C19 (moderate)
●Paroxetine – CYP2D6 (potent)
●Sertraline – none
• Sintomatología
• ¿Qué prefiere el paciente?
• CDC survey cited by Business Insider
Aumento de peso
The evidence suggests that fluoxetine may be the least problematic SSRI with regard to undesired
weight gain and that paroxetine may the most problematic.
Studies lasting between 6 and 30 months have reported the following weight effects:
●Fluoxetine leads to small weight changes ranging from a loss of 0.2 percent of body weight at
baseline to a gain of 0.9 percent. A randomized trial showed a mean weight gain of 3.0 kg (6.6 lb) for
fluoxetine, compared to 3.2 kg (7.0 lb) for placebo.
●Citalopram leads to weight changes ranging from none to a gain of 2.5 percent of baseline body
weight.
●Fluvoxamine leads to weight gain of 2.6 percent of baseline body weight.
●Paroxetine leads to weight gain in 6 percent of patients, ranging from 1.6 to 3.6 percent of baseline
body weight.
●Sertraline leads to weight gain ranging from 1.0 to 1.6 percent of baseline body weight. A
randomized trial showed a mean weight gain of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) for sertraline, compared to 1.8 kg (4.0
lb) for placebo.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-pharmacology-administration-and-side-effects?
search=ssri&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H74872026
Fluoxetina
• Prozac
• 1269 a 130 c/28 capsulas
• Capsulas o tabletas 20mg
Dosis 50-200mg/día
Dosis mínima efectiva 50mg dar por la mañana (en ancianos usar mitad de la
dosis)
• Dosis depresión: 75-225mg/día, una vez al día si es liberación extendida o 2-3 veces si es
liberación inmediata. Adultos mayores toleran dosis más bajas. Riegos de SIADH ES
MAYORN LA ADULTEZ.
• Dosis para ansiedad 150-225
• Iniciar con 37.5,g una vez al día si es liberación extendida o 25-50mg divididos en 2-3 dosis
si es de liberación inmediata por una semana y si es tolerado ,incrementar la dosis no mas
rápido de 75mg cada 4 días hasta alcanzar el efecto deseado,
• Dosis máxima 375mg al día. Renal disminuir dosis a 25% ,en diálisis no usar y hepático
disminuir al dos a 50%. En UK esta contraindicado si hay enfermedad cardiaca.
Indicaciones
• Tx Depresivos
• TAG
• Tx ansiedad social
• Tx pánico
• TEPT
• TDPM
Como funciona
• Aumenta la transmisión de serotonina, norepinefrina y dopamina.
• Bloquea el receptor de recaptura de serotonina
• Bloquea el receptor de recaptura de norepinefrina
• La dopamina es inactivada por la recaptura de norepinefrina en la
corteza frontal, en la cual hay muy pocos transportadores de
dopamina, por lo que venlafaxina puede aumentar los niveles de
dopamina en esta parte del cerebro.
• Es un débil bloqueador de la recaptura de dopamina.
• El inicio de acción puede comenzar a las 2-4 semanas
• Si no funciona en 6-8 semanas en depresión puede requerir un
aumento de dosis o puede ser necesario un cambio de fármaco
• Para TAG puede tardar en comenzar a hacer efecto a las 8 semanas
• Para primer episodio continuar por 1 año una vez que los síntomas
remitieron.
• Par subsecuentes pueden requerir tratamiento indefinido.
• Muchos pacientes tienen una respuesta parcial, teniendo dificultad
especial en mejorar el insomnio, la fatiga y los problemas de
concentración.
• Si no hay mejoría considerar aumentar la dosis o cambiar a otro
fármaco o agregar un potenciador.
• Considerar psicoterapia
• Considerar comorbilidades medica o abuso de sustancias.
• considerara trastorno bipolar
Combos
• Mirtazapina (combustible de cohetes de California)(
Modafinilo especialmente para fatiga, somnolencia y falta de
concentración
Estabilizadores o atípicos para depresión resistente
Benzodiacepinas
• Si todo falla para ansiedad usar gabapentina o tiagabina
• Trazodona para insomnio
• *Temer cuidado de activación bipolar e ideación suicida)
• Realizar un chequeo de TA antes de iniciar el tratamiento
• Teóricamente debido al incremento en serotonina y norepinefrina en
área estratégicas pueden causarlos efectos secundarios, por ejemplo
serotonina aumentada en centros del sueño causa insomnio, no
secreción de acetilcolina o norepinefrina puede causar constipación y
boca seca.
• La mayoría de los efectos secundarios se van con el tiempo.
• Los efectos secundarios son dosis dependientes.
Efectos secundarios (%)
• Cefalea 25-38
• Nausea 21-58
• Insomnio 15-24
• Astenia 16-20
• Mareo 11-24
• Trastornos de eyaculación 2-19
• Somnolencia 12-26
• Somnolencia 12-26
• Boca seca 12-22
• Sudoración 7—19
• Anorexia 15-17
• Nerviosismo 17-26
• Anorgasmia 5-13
Combos
• 1. Primera estrategia cambiar de fármaco
• 2. Trazodona o un hipnotico para insomnio
• Bupropion, sildenafil, vardanafil o tadlafil para disfunción sexual.
• Benzodiazepinas para ansiedad especialmente al inicio de un
tratamiento
• Mirtazapina para insomnio agitación y efectos gastrointestinales.
Tips
• A cualquier dosis es un potente inhibidor de la recaptura de serotonina
• La dosis de 150mg comienza acción en norepinefrina pero sigue
predominando acción sobre serotonina
• A dosis de 225mg la acción es dual en la mayoría de los pacientes
• Si hay problemas parta descontinuar, hacerlo lentamente reduciendo 1%
cada 3 días, con la técnica de 100ml de jugo.
• O añadir fluoxetina y disminuyendo venfaxina y luego disminuir la
fluoxetina.
• Síntomas de abstinencia: mareo, nausea calambres estomacales,
sudoración, disestesias.
• Potenciales ventajas: pacientes con depresión enlentecida, atípica o
comorbida con ansiedad, pacientes con síntomas somáticos como
dolor.
• COMBOS
• ISRS, IRSN, bupropion y atomoxetina.
• Modafinilo para fatiga, somnolencia y falta de concentración.
Efectos secundarios:
• Nausea
• Mareo
• Somnolencia
• Fatiga
• Insomnio
• Cefalea
• Ansiedad
• Es efectiva en adultos mayores, y no se ha relacionado con
hiponatremia. (No usar en mayores de 75: eficacia no probada )
• Su uso se limita por la necesidad de realizar pruebas periódicas de
funciones hepáticas.(BASAL, A LAS 3, 6, 12 Y 24 SEMANAS)
Descontinuar si se elevan 3x.
• Tampoco se reportan síntomas de discontinuación, por lo cual si se
requiriera pudiera ser interrumpida abruptamente.
• No tiene efecto sobre el QT.
• No tiene impacto sobre la función sexual.
Mirtazapina
• Remeron Sol Tab: 1800. Tabletas de 15 o de 30
• Dosis de 15-45mg en la noche. Iniciar 7.5(Stahl 15?) y cada semana
aumentar hasta obtener el efecto deseado.
• FDA
• Tx depresivo mayor
• Tx afectivo estacional
• Adicción a nicotina
• Tabletas 150mg.
• Rango de dosis 150 a 450mg.
• Depresión: iniciar 150 en la mañana, incrementar después de 4 días a
300mg, dosis máxima 450mg.Llevar a un año.
• Adicción a nicotina: Iniciar 150mg una vez al día, luego 3 días después
incrementar dos veces al día 150mg,, máximo 300mg/día. Se debe
iniciar 1-2 semanas antes de descontinuar la nicotina. Además se
puede combinar con terapia de reemplazo. Llevar a 6 meses.
• Otros usos: depresión bipolar, tdah, disfunción sexual.
• ¿Cómo actúa?
• Aumenta la neurotransmisión de norepinefrina y dopamina.
• Se tarda de 2 a 4 semanas en actuar.
• Si no hay mejoría en 6-8 semanas puede requerir aumentar dosis.
• Puede usarse por muchos años para prevenir recaídas,
• Puede añadirse a un ISRS para tratar disfunción sexual inducida, o
para mejorar apatia, o cuando no hay un respuesta completa.
Efectos secundarios
• Insomnio • Anorexia
• Temblor • También disminuye el umbral
• Agitación convulsivo, se han reportado
también casos de Steven Johnson.
• Cefalea
• En sobredosis puede causar
• Mareo convulsiones, alucinaciones,
• Boca seca pérdida de conciencia,
• Constipación alteraciones cardiacas.
• Nausea
• Potential Advantages • associated with their depression
• • Retarded depression • • Patients who are excessively
• • Atypical depression activated
• • Bipolar depression • Primary Target Symptoms
• • Patients concerned about sexual • • Depressed mood
dysfunction • • Sleep disturbance, especially
• • Patients concerned about weight hypersomnia
gain • • Cravings associated with nicotine
• Potential Disadvantages • withdrawal
• • Patients experiencing weight loss • • Cognitive functioning
Perlas
• ✽ May be effective if SSRIs have failed or for SSRI “poop-out”
• • Less likely to produce hypomania than some other antidepressants
• ✽ May improve cognitive slowing/pseudodementia
• ✽ Reduces hypersomnia and fatigue
• • Approved to help reduce craving during smoking cessation
• • Anecdotal use in attention deficit disorder
• • May cause sexual dysfunction only infrequently
• • May exacerbate tics
• • Bupropion may not be as effective in anxiety disorders as many other
antidepressants
Imipramina
Imipramina
• Tabletas25mg
• Aprobado para depresión
• También se usa en ansiedad, insomnio, enuresis, dolor neuropático
depresión resistente a tratamiento
• Dosis 50-150mgaldia
• Incrementar 25mg cada semana dar por la noche
• VENTAJAS
• Pacientes con insomnio, con depresión resisten severa, con enuresis
• DESVENTAJAS
• PACIENTES GERIATROS Y PEDIATRICOS
• Pacientes a los que les preocupe la pérdida de peso
• Pacientes con cardiopatías
Amitriptilina
• Antidepresivo tricíclico
• INDICACIONES FDA
• Depresión
• “Depresión endógena
• Indicaciones FDA
• Trastorno depresivo mayor
• No aprobadas
• TAG
• Síntomas cognitivos asociados a
depresión
• Pacientes geriátricos
Cómo funciona
• Bloquea la recaptura de serotonina
• Se une a receptores ligados a proteína G (agonismo completo a 5HT 1
A, AGONISMO PARCIAL A 5HT 1B, Y ANTAGONISMO A 5HT 1 D Y 5HT
7)
• Se une a receptores de canal iónico (antagonismo 5HT 3)
• Antagonismo completo pre sináptico 5HT 1ª (lo cual hace que no haya
disfunción sexual causada por ISRS)
• El antagonismo a 5HT 3 aumenta actividad noradrenergica acetilcolina
y glutamato lo que ayuda en el efecto antidepresivo y pro cognitivo.
• El inicio de tratamiento se retrasa 2 a 4 semanas
• Aunque usualmente inicia a las 2 semanas
DESVENTAJAS
• Costo
Recomendaciones del la Federación
Internación de Psiquiatria Biológica
• 1er episodio continuar por lo menos 6-9 meses después de la
remisión
• Si tienes 3 o mas episodios previos, o 2 dentro de un periodo de 5
años, se deberá continuar por más tiempo.
• Podría intentarse a los 3 años
•Nuevos antidepresivos
no disponibles en
México
Vilazodona
• Vilazodone was approved by the FDA in
2011 (Table 1). The drug increases
serotonin bioavailability in synapses
through a strong dual action:
• blocking serotonin reuptake through
the serotonin transporter
• partial agonism of the 5-HT1A presyn
aptic receptor.
https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/96727/
depression/prescribers-guide-using-3-new-antidepressants-
vilazodone
• Vilazodone also has a moderate effect on the 5-HT4 receptor and on
dopamine and norepinephrine uptake inhibition.
• The unique presynaptic 5-HT1A partial agonism of vilazodone is
similar to that of buspirone, in which both drugs initially inhibit
serotonin synthesis and neuronal firing.4 Researchers therefore
expected that vilazodone would be more suitable for patients who
have depression and a comorbid anxiety disorder; current FDA
approval, however, is for depression only.
https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/96727/
depression/prescribers-guide-using-3-new-antidepressants-
vilazodone
• Adverse effects. The 5-HT4 receptor on which vilazodone acts is present in
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and contributes to regulating symptoms in
patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)5; not surprisingly, the most
frequent adverse effects of vilazodone are GI in nature (diarrhea, nausea,
vomiting).
• Headache is the most common non- GI side effect of vilazodone. Depressed
patients who took vilazodone had no significant weight gain and did not
report adverse sexual effects, compared with subjects given placebo.6
• The following case—a patient with depression, significant anxiety, and IBS—
exemplifies the type of patient for whom we find vilazodone most useful.
https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/96727/
depression/prescribers-guide-using-3-new-antidepressants-
vilazodone
Levomilnacipran
• This drug is a 2013 addition to the small
serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitor (SNRI) family of venlafaxine,
desvenlafaxine, and duloxetine7 (Table
2). Levomilnacipran is the enantiomer
of milnacipran, approved in Europe for
depression but only for fibromyalgia
pain and peripheral neuropathy in the
United States.8 (Levomilnacipran is not
FDA-approved for treating fibromyalgia
pain.)
• Levomilnacipran is unique because it is more of an NSRI, so to speak,
than an SNRI: That is, the drug’s uptake inhibition of norepinephrine is
more potent than its serotonin inhibition. Theoretically,
levomilnacipran should help improve cognitive functions linked to the
action of norepinephrine, such as concentration and motivation, and
in turn, improve social function. The FDA also has approved
levomilnacipran for treating functional impairment in depression.9
• Adverse effects. The norepinephrine uptake inhibition of
levomilnacipran might be responsible for observed increases in heart
rate and blood pressure in some patients, and dose-dependent
urinary hesitancy and erectile dysfunction in others. The drug has no
significant effect on weight in depressed patients, compared with
placebo.
Allopregnanolone
• March 19, 2019
• Release
• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Zulresso (brexanolone) injection for
intravenous (IV) use for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD) in adult women. This is the
first drug approved by the FDA specifically for PPD.
• “Postpartum depression is a serious condition that, when severe, can be life-threatening. Women may
experience thoughts about harming themselves or harming their child. Postpartum depression can
also interfere with the maternal-infant bond. This approval marks the first time a drug has been
specifically approved to treat postpartum depression, providing an important new treatment option,”
said Tiffany Farchione, M.D., acting director of the Division of Psychiatry Products in the FDA’s Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research. “Because of concerns about serious risks, including excessive
sedation or sudden loss of consciousness during administration, Zulresso has been approved with a
Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) and is only available to patients through a restricted
distribution program at certified health care facilities where the health care provider can carefully
monitor the patient.”
• Allopregnanolone, also known as 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one or 3α,5α-
tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THP), as well as brexanolone (USAN),[1] is an endogenous
inhibitory pregnane neurosteroid[2] which has been approved by the FDA as a treatment
for post-partum depression. It is synthesized from progesterone, and is a potent positive
allosteric modulator of the action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptor.[2]
Allopregnanolone has effects similar to those of other positive allosteric modulators of the
GABA action at GABAA receptor such as the benzodiazepines, including anxiolytic, sedative,
and anticonvulsant activity.[2][3][4] Endogenously produced allopregnanolone exerts a
pivotal neurophysiological role by fine-tuning of GABAA receptor and modulating the action
of several positive allosteric modulators and agonists at GABAA receptor.[5] The 21-
hydroxylated derivative of this compound, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), is an
endogenous inhibitory neurosteroid with similar properties to those of allopregnanolone,
and the 3β-methyl analogue of allopregnanolone, ganaxolone, is under development to
treat epilepsy and other conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[2]
• Allopregnanolone possesses a wide variety of effects, including, in no particular order, antidepressant,
anxiolytic, stress-reducing, rewarding,[21] prosocial,[22] antiaggressive,[23]prosexual,[22] sedative, pro-sleep,[24]
cognitive, memory-impairment, analgesic,[25] anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic
effects.[2] Fluctuations in the levels of allopregnanolone and the other neurosteroids seem to play an
important role in the pathophysiology of mood, anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, catamenial epilepsy, and
various other neuropsychiatric conditions.[26][27][28]
• Increased levels of allopregnanolone can produce paradoxical effects, including negative mood, anxiety,
irritability, and aggression.[29][30][31] This appears to be because allopregnanolone possesses biphasic, U-
shaped actions at the GABAA receptor – moderate level increases (in the range of 1.5–2 nM/L total
allopregnanolone, which are approximately equivalent to luteal phase levels) inhibit the activity of the
receptor, while lower and higher concentration increases stimulate it.[29][30] This seems to be a common effect
of many GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators.[26][31] In accordance, acute administration of low doses
of micronized progesterone (which reliably elevates allopregnanolone levels) has been found to have
negative effects on mood, while higher doses have a neutral effect.[32]
• During pregnancy, allopregnanolone and pregnanolone are involved in sedation and anesthesia of the fetus.
• Zulresso will be available only through a restricted program called the Zulresso REMS
Program that requires the drug be administered by a health care provider in a certified
health care facility. The REMS requires that patients be enrolled in the program prior to
administration of the drug. Zulresso is administered as a continuous IV infusion over a
total of 60 hours (2.5 days). Because of the risk of serious harm due to the sudden loss of
consciousness, patients must be monitored for excessive sedation and sudden loss of
consciousness and have continuous pulse oximetry monitoring (monitors oxygen levels in
the blood). While receiving the infusion, patients must be accompanied during
interactions with their child(ren). The need for these steps is addressed in a Boxed
Warning in the drug’s prescribing information. Patients will be counseled on the risks of
Zulresso treatment and instructed that they must be monitored for these effects at a
health care facility for the entire 60 hours of infusion. Patients should not drive, operate
machinery, or do other dangerous activities until feelings of sleepiness from the
treatment have completely gone away.
• The efficacy of Zulresso was shown in two clinical studies in participants who received a
60-hour continuous intravenous infusion of Zulresso or placebo and were then followed
for four weeks. One study included patients with severe PPD and the other included
patients with moderate PPD. The primary measure in the study was the mean change
from baseline in depressive symptoms as measured by a depression rating scale. In both
placebo controlled studies, Zulresso demonstrated superiority to placebo in
improvement of depressive symptoms at the end of the first infusion. The improvement
in depression was also observed at the end of the 30-day follow-up period.
• The most common adverse reactions reported by patients treated with Zulresso in
clinical trials include sleepiness, dry mouth, loss of consciousness and flushing. Health
care providers should consider changing the therapeutic regimen, including
discontinuing Zulresso in patients whose PPD becomes worse or who experience
emergent suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Spravato (Esketamine)
• The FDA recently approved the S-enantiomer of ketamine, esketamine, a rapidly
acting drug shown to be effective in patients with treatment-resistant depression.
Ketamine, a noncompetitive antagonist of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-d-
aspartate (NMDA) type, was approved in 1970 as an anesthetic.
• Ketamine subsequently gained notoriety as a drug of abuse (“Special K”) owing to
its dissociative effects. Subsequently, researchers presented preliminary evidence
suggesting that ketamine has rapid (within several hours) antidepressant effects4
— an attractive property, given the need for urgent relief of depressive and
suicidal crises and faster restoration of social and occupational functioning.
• The longer depressive episodes last, the greater the burdens and costs for
patients, their families, society, and the health care system.