BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADVANCED TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

REVIEW ON MICROSCOPIC MODELS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE {AI}

BY
MAHBUB MAS’UD
SPS/20/MCE/00080
SUPERVISED BY
PROF. HASHIM M. ALHASSAN
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
USING A MICROSCOPIC TRAFFIC
MODEL

BY

MAHBUB MAS’UD
SPS/20/MCE/00080
INTRODUCTION

• DUE TO THE EVOLVING AUTONOMOUS DRIVING TECHNOLOGY,

IT IS EXPECTED THAT AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES WOULD
REPLACE CONVENTIONAL HUMAN-DRIVEN VEHICLES IN THE
COMING DECADES, RESULTING IN A HUGE TRANSFORMATION
IN THE ROAD TRANSPORTATION SECTOR. BECAUSE TRAFFIC
SYSTEMS ARE SO COMPLICATED, EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC
SIMULATION MODELS FOR ASSESSING THIS DISRUPTIVE
CHANGE ARE ESSENTIAL.
• PUBLIC TRANSPORT EXPERTS ALSO DEFINE AI BY ITS ABILITY TO
LEARN, ADAPT, MIMIC, AS WELL AS EXHIBIT CREATIVITY AND FULFIL
ITS PURPOSE TO IMPROVE EXISTING PROCESS. WHEN THE SYSTEM
AND USERS’ BEHAVIOUR IS TOO DIFFICULT TO MODEL AND PREDICT
THE TRAVEL PATTERNS, TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS BECOME A
CHALLENGE. THEREFORE, AI IS A GOOD FIT FOR TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES OF AN INCREASING
TRAVEL DEMAND, CO2 EMISSIONS ETC
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.IN THE APPLICATION OF AI IN TRANSPORT FIELD THE AIM IS TO

OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES OF AN INCREASING TRAVEL DEMAND,
CO2 EMISSIONS, SAFETY CONCERNS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION.
2.TO IDENTIFY THE COMMUNITY NEEDS AND DECIDE ON THE BEST
APPROACH TO MEET THIS DEMAND.
3.BETTER UTILIZATION OF ACCURATE PREDICTIONS.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS

• AT THE PRESENT TIME, AI METHODS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO BROAD

CATEGORIES, THE CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
•  
 SYMBOLIC AI, WHICH FOCUSES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE-
BASED SYSTEMS (KBS);
• COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, WHICH INCLUDES SUCH METHODS AS
NEURAL NETWORKS (ANN), FUZZY SYSTEMS (FS), AND EVOLUTIONARY
COMPUTING
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS

• KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
• A KBS CAN BE DEFINED AS A COMPUTER
SYSTEM CAPABLE OF GIVING ADVICE IN A
PARTICULAR DOMAIN, UTILIZING KNOWLEDGE
PROVIDED BY A HUMAN EXPERT.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANNS)

• ANNS ARE BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF

A MASSIVELY CONNECTED NETWORK OF COMPUTATIONAL
“NEURONS,” ORGANIZED IN LAYERS. BY ADJUSTING THE
WEIGHTS OF THE NETWORK, ANNS CAN BE “TRAINED” TO
APPROXIMATE VIRTUALLY ANY NONLINEAR FUNCTION TO A
REQUIRED DEGREE OF ACCURACY. ANNS ARE PROVIDED
WITH A SET OF INPUT AND OUTPUT EXEMPLARS
FUZZY SYSTEMS

• FUZZY SET THEORY WAS PROPOSED BY ZADEH (1965) AS A WAY TO DEAL WITH
THE AMBIGUITY ASSOCIATED WITH ALMOST ALL REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS.
FUZZY SET MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS PROVIDE A WAY TO SHOW THAT AN
OBJECT CAN PARTIALLY BELONG TO A GROUP.
• COMPLETE MEMBERSHIP IN A FUZZY FUNCTION IS INDICATED BY A VALUE OF
+1, WHILE COMPLETE NON-MEMBERSHIP IS SHOWN BY A VALUE OF 0. PARTIAL
MEMBERSHIP IS REPRESENTED BY A VALUE BETWEEN 0 AND +1.
• FUZZY SET THEORY WAS PROPOSED BY ZADEH (1965) AS A WAY TO DEAL WITH
THE AMBIGUITY ASSOCIATED WITH ALMOST ALL REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS.
EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING
• EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTING IS HIGHLY
ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM
THAT EASILY SOLVES TRANSPORTATION
PROBLEMS. THEY ARE KNOWN AS RASTER
ALGORITHM. ATYPICAL EXAMPLE IS THE
GENETIC ALGORITHM (GA).
GENETIC ALGORITHMS

• GENETIC ALGORITHMS (GAS) ARE STOCHASTIC ALGORITHMS

WHOSE SEARCH METHODS ARE BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.
• THE PROCEDURE STARTS WITH A RANDOMLY GENERATED INITIAL
POPULATION OF INDIVIDUALS, WHERE EACH INDIVIDUAL
REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM UNDER
CONSIDERATION. EACH SOLUTION IS EVALUATED TO GIVE SOME
MEASURE OF ITS “FITNESS.”
 APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN
TRANSPORTATION
• IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, MANY OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN THE VARIABLES OR COMPONENTS OF A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD.
• THE AI IDENTIFIES A SYSTEM AND APPROXIMATES A FUNCTION WHICH IS
CONCERNED WITH BUILDING EMPIRICAL DYNAMIC MODELS OF SYSTEMS
FROM MEASURED DATA, OR MAPPING SYSTEM INPUTS TO OUTPUTS.
• NONLINEAR PREDICTION: IT FOCUSES ON THE PREDICTION OF THE
BEHAVIOR OF SYSTEMS WHERE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INPUT AND
OUTPUT IS NOT LINEAR
• CONTROL: IT FOCUSES ON CONTROLLING A SYSTEM IN OTHER TO ACHIEVE A
DESIRED OUTPUT. EXAMPLES INCLUDE SIGNAL CONTROL OF TRAFFIC AT
ROAD INTERSECTIONS, RAMP METERING ON FREEWAYS ETC.
ADVANTAGES OF AI IN MICROSCOPIC TRAFFIC
FLOW

• CONVERTING TRAFFIC SENSORS INTO INTELLIGENT AGENTS THAT CAN AUTOMATICALLY DETECT AND REPORT
TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
• PREDICT TRAFFIC CONDITIONS.
• AI SOLUTIONS CAN HELP PEOPLE MAKE BETTER DECISIONS FASTER.
• AI CAN HELP WITH DATA COLLECTION, FILTERING, PROCESSING, AND DECISION-MAKING
• RESEARCHERS HAVE RECENTLY DISCOVERED THAT AI IS MORE RELIABLE THAN MANY OTHER EXISTING
ALGORITHMS IN ASSESSING AND PREDICTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS BASED ON MICROSCOPIC TRAFFIC DATA
COLLECTED FROM VEHICLES ON THEIR PATH, AS ENVISIONED IN THE VEHICLE–INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION OR
CONNECTED VEHICLE PROGRAM(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ADVANCED COMPUTING COMMITTEE ET AL., 2012).
• ALSO, THERE ARE MANY AI METHODS USED IN TRANSPORT SUCH AS ANNS. ANNS CAN BE USED FOR ROAD
PLANNING [DOGAN, E.], PUBLIC TRANSPORT [BUDALAKOTI, S. ET AL] TRAFFIC INCIDENT DETECTION [DIA, H. ET AL];
AND PREDICTING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS [HUANG, W. ET AL]
• ARGUABLY, THE APPLICATION OF AI FOR DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PURPOSE HAS
RECEIVED MUCH ATTENTION IN THE 21ST CENTURY, BUT THE METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
ASSOCIATED WITH AI HAVE DRAWN MUCH CRITICISM, ESPECIALLY SINCE ITS ASSOCIATION
WITH THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR.
LIMITATIONS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• . ONE OF THE MAJOR LIMITATIONS IDENTIFIED BY OLDEN AND JACKSON WAS IN THE FORM
OF AI’S CONSIDERATION OF ANNS AS ‘BLACK BOX’ [OLDEN, J.D. JACKSON, D.A., 2002]. FROM
A MORE CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, IT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE OUTPUT AND INPUT IS DEVELOPED WITH THE INTERNAL COMPUTATION’S
KNOWLEDGE. AT THE SAME TIME, IT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT THE ANNS HAS THE
ABILITY OF GENERALIZATION, SPECIFICALLY WHEN THERE IS A MISSING DATA OR
INFORMATION.
• HOWEVER, THE RESEARCH STUDIES BY KANUNGO ET AL., SETIONO ET AL., AND DAYHOFF
AND DELEO FOCUSED ON OVERCOMING THIS PARTICULAR LIMITATION THROUGH THE
COMBINATION OF THE NN WITH TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES, IN ADDITION TO THE HYBRID
SOLUTIONS (AI TOOLS) SO THAT THE PROBLEMS CAN BE FIXED.
• . ANOTHER LIMITATION IDENTIFIED, OVER THE YEARS, HAS BEEN ARGUED TO BE THE
ABILITY OF REACHING THE MOST OPTIMAL SOLUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE AI TOOLS
LIKE ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION AND GENETIC ALGORITHM.
• MOST OF THE AI APPROACHES SUCH AS NN IN TIME SERIES TRANSPORT APPLICATIONS,
FUTURE RESEARCH AREA

• THE FINDINGS OF THIS RESEARCH HAVE CLARIFIED ABOUT ANN BEING A ROBUST MODEL
BECAUSE OF ITS ABILITY OF COVERING MULTIPLE TASKS ASSOCIATED WITH AI, AND THE FACT
THAT IT DOES NOT CONCENTRATE OR NEED DEEP UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES. THE
ADVANTAGE OF IT ALSO INCLUDES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INPUTS AND OUTPUTS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF RECOGNIZING THE PATTERNS, WHICH MAY FURTHER HELP IN THE
MANAGEMENT OF VOLUMINOUS DATA THROUGH THE WELL-ADJUSTED AND PERFORMANCE
WHEN SURROUNDING BY NOISY DATA.
• . THE FAST COMPUTATION TOOL CAN HELP IN REDUCING THE TIME, WHILE IMPROVING THE
PERFORMANCE. ARGUABLY, THERE ARE SEVERAL RESEARCHES THAT HAVE ONLY FOCUSED ON
ONE OR TWO OF THE TRAFFIC PARAMETERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEVELOPING THE MODEL,
WHICH MEANS THAT THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS CAN FOCUS ON ENHANCING THE PREDICTIVE
OPERATIONS THROUGH THE USE OF MORE THAN TWO FEATURES
CONCLUSION

• IN CONCLUSION THE REVIEW OF THE AI’S APPLICATION IN A VARIETY OF TRANSPORT

RELATED ISSUES HAS BEEN DISCUSSED. THE APPLICATION OF AI HAS BEEN PROVEN TO BE
CRITICAL IN INCREASING AND IMPROVING THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, WHICH CAN
BECOME MORE INSTRUMENTED TOWARDS THE PROVISION OF MUCH-NEED DATA FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF APPLICATION OF AI.
• IT ALSO PRESENTED THE ACCURACY OF AI IN PREDICTIONS AND ALSO HOW TO DETECT
INCIDENT WAY MORE THAN THE TRADITIONAL METHOD. IT SHOWS THAT AI CAN BE USED TO
SOLVE THE CHALLENGE OF INCREASING TRAVEL DEMAND, CO2 EMISSIONS, SAFETY
CONCERNS
• KEY LIMITATIONS OF AI WERE ALSO ADDRESSED IN PARTICULAR THE PERCEPTION THAT
NEURAL NETWORKS ARE “BLACK BOXES”. [OLDEN, J.D. JACKSON, D.A., 2002].