Medical knowledge base system(KM)

/Clinical decision support system(CDSS)

Dep’t:- HI
Class year:- IV
Semester:- I
Acad.year:- 2015 EC

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Objectives:
By the end of this course students should be able to:
 Define knowledge/CDS
 Identify the forms of knowledge/CDs
 Understand knowledge management system
 Anticipate likely benefits and harms associated with each type of CDS
 Identify Knowledge management tools and techniques
 Define both CDS and the systems that provide a digital context for CDS
 Find health literature, policies and standards pertaining to CDS
 Determine CDS Science, Policy and Products
 Appraise /review research(project) reports about the effects of CDS systems
 Given a particular CDS product, describe important properties and anticipate
implementation issues

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REFERENCES
 Knowledge Management and E-Learning(Jay Liebowitz, DSc and Michael S. Frank,2011).
 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THEORY AND PRACTICE Kimiz Dalkir (2005)
 Knowledge Retention: Strategies and Solutions (Taylor & Francis, 2009)
 Knowledge Management in Public Health (Taylor & Francis, 2010).
 Knowledge Management Tools and Techniques Practitioners and Experts Evaluate KM
Solutions Madanmohan Rao (2005)
 Chunhua, Z. (2008), “E-learning: The new approach for knowledge management,” 2008
IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering
Proceedings, IEEE Computer Society.
 Olaniran, B. (2009), “Discerning culture in e-learning and in the global workplaces,”
Knowledge Management and E-Learning:
 An International Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3, University of Hong Kong. Saxena, A. (2007),
“Knowledge management and its applications in distance education,” Turkish Online
Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 8, No. 4, October.

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Assessment and Evaluation modalities

Student assessment will be done on continuous basis with the following scheme of two
Formative Assessment 70%
 Quizes 20%
 Attendance 10%
 Individual/ Group assignment 20%
 Mid Exam 20%
Summative Assessment
 Final Examination 30%

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Upon successfully completion of the course, students will be
able to:
 Understand the fundamental concepts in the study of
knowledge and its creation, acquisition, representation,
dissemination, use and re-use, and management.

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 Cont…
 Understand knowledge representation and learning techniques
of
artificial intelligence in health system.
 Describe how valuable individual, group, and organizational
knowledge is captured, created, codified, shared, accessed,
applied,
and reused throughout the knowledge management cycle.
 Understand how to apply and integrate appropriate
components and functions of various knowledge management
systems.
 Critically evaluate current trends in knowledge management
and
their manifestation in health organization.
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  Describe the key communication
technologies that can be used to
support knowledge creation -to-
sharing.

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 https://learnclax.com/utilities/view-doc.php?book-id=4354

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UNIT 1: CDS/KM Virtual Learning Community

BRAINSTORM

 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY VIRTUAL LEARNING MEAN?

 WHAT DOES CLINICAL DECISSION SUPPORT SYSTEM MEAN?
 WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT/KMS?

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Overview
What is E-Learning?
 Refers to a learning system that we can obtain through the internet
using an electronic device.
 A learning system based on formalized teaching but with the help of
electronic resources is known as E-learning.
 Also termed as a network enabled transfer of skills and knowledge,
and the delivery of education is made to a larger number of recipients
at the same or different times.
 It enables the learners to learn anytime and anywhere
 It Is nothing but the use of technology to connect teachers and
students who are physically miles apart.

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Virtual /online or E-learning environment
 Virtual learning environment is a set of teaching & learning tools designed to enhance a
student’s learning experience by including computer & the internet
 It is also an integrated distance learning platform that typically incorporate course
materials,homework,articles, blogs…
 It is an opportunity to learn new skills without having travel
 Approaches of E-Learning: There are two approaches of E – Learning namely
Asynchronous e-learning and Synchronous e-learning.
 Synchronous E-learning, commonly supported by media such as video conferencing and
chat, has the potential to support learners in the development of learning communities.
(Real time)
 Asynchronous E-learning commonly facilitated by media such as e-mail and discussion
boards supports work relations among learners and with tutors, even when participants
cannot be online at the same time. It is a key component of flexible e-learning.
 Eg. MOODLE (Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment)

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Knowledge management(km) & E-Learning
 KM and e-learning have Synergistic relationships.
 Both disciplines deal with knowledge capture,
sharing, application, and potentially knowledge
generation.
 Both the disciplines of KM and e-learning have
important technological components to enhance
learning.
 Both disciplines ultimately contribute to building a
continuous learning culture, whether knowledge-
enabled or learner-enabled

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Few forms of e-learning

 Virtual class room

 Mobile learning
 Computer based training
 Video based learning
 Web based Learning…

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Assignment 1
Topic: Is Moodle -An Effective Learning Management System?

Instruction
1. Review at least 5 articles and write a report
2. The report should contain the following concepts
3. Make it concise, clear and finalize in 4-5 pages
 Background
 Process of E-learning
 Review of Literature
 Applications of Moodle
 Moodle Usability
 Basic Features and Operations of MOODLE
 Conclusion
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Basics of KM and Organizational Learning

Organizational learning
 way of looking at change processes in organizations
 change in organizations are connected with collective or inter-
personal processes of learning
 In organizational learning, change is considered as rule

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 Organizational culture
 Organizational culture thus is a pattern of basic assumptions that have
worked well enough to be considered valid, and, therefore, to be taught
to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in
relation to problems of external adaptation and internal integration
 Concepts that exist in an organization
 trust,
 norms and standards,
 unwritten rules,
 symbols or artifacts
 These concepts are shared by the members of an organization and
provide orientation in a complex world.
 Is handed on to new members of the organization in a process of socialization.
 Organizational culture has greater positive contribution impact to knowledge
management.
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 Organizational Culture …cont’d
 Organizational culture impacts the behavior of
members of the organization.

 Supportive organizational culture positively

affects knowledge creation and especially
knowledge sharing, across sub-cultures, such as
the ones of executives, health professionals and
operators, etc.

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 Organizational memory(OM)
 Refers to a system capable of storing things
perceived, experienced or self-constructed beyond
the duration of actual occurrence, and of retrieving
them at a later point in time

 A prerequisite for organizational learning

 Calls for management of data, information and

knowledge

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 Knowledge
-Defined as the facts, skills & understanding that one
has gained, especially through learning or experience,
which enhance ones ability of evaluating context,
making decisions & taking actions
- Is the (technical) knowledge and skill required to do
something
-Is created when information is analyzed, communicated &
acted upon
 Knowledge has always been valuable to people.
 The key to wealth creation is the creation of
knowledge.

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Knowledge…

 Highly profitable companies like Microsoft, Cisco

Systems, and Oracle, —all of which were started
from scratch with nothing but knowledge,
passion, and vision.
 Most executives often state that their greatest
asset is the knowledge held by the employees.
◦ They are successful because of the skills and experience of their
employees, not because of some physical asset they control.

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 Why Manage Knowledge?
Any organization needs knowledge so as to perform
its functions. – OM, OL
 This may involve:
 Formalized knowledge,
 Rules and regulations,
 Policies, laws, programs and procedures,
 know-how, skills, and experience of people.
- Knowledge includes the way that organizations
function, communicate, analyze situations, develop new
solutions to problems, and develop new ways of doing
activities.  
- Knowledge involves issues of culture, custom, and
values as well as relationships
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 Why Manage Knowledge? ..cont’d
 Knowledge is lost from an organization through retirement, turnover,
death

- knowledge assets need to be handled.

- Knowledge needs to be gathered, stored, transmitted, applied, updated, or

generated.

 Organizations that are aware of their knowledge resources possess a

valuable unique resource

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 Why manage knowledge? …cont’d
 The ability to manage knowledge is becoming
increasingly more crucial
◦ - Managing knowledge is a necessity due to changes in the
environment such as increasing competition.
◦ - Management of Knowledge is a controversially discussed
concept
- There is still a debate on the meaning, definitions
and dimensions of KM
◦ All however agree that knowledge is more than just mere
data and information

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 THE DIKW Model
Underpinning of Informatics

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 Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom & Truth
FACT

DATA
Dispersed Explicit
elements

Depth of meaning
INFORMATION
Contextualized data

KNOWLEDGE
patterns & regularities for action

WISDOM
Implicitly knowing how to generate,
access and integrate knowledge Tacit

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Characteristics of Knowledge
 Knowledge is based on values, perceptions and experience
 Use of knowledge does not consume it
 Transferal of Knowledge does not result in losing it
 Knowledge is abundant, but the ability to use it is scarce
 Much of an organization’s valuable knowledge walks out the door at the end
of the day

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 Knowledge Management Definition
 KM involves the acquisition, storage, retrieval, application,
generation, and review of the knowledge assets of an organization in
a controlled way.
 However, Knowledge not only exists in documents and repositories,
but it becomes embedded in people’s minds overtime and it is
demonstrated through their actions and behaviors.
 Since organizational culture is socially embedded, constructed and
reproduced over time, it can be an organizational asset or liability.
From Technology Perspective
 KM is the concept under which information is changed into actionable
knowledge and made available in a useable form to the people who can
apply it
 KM includes all the activities that utilize knowledge to accomplish the
organizational objectives to be faster, more efficient or more innovative.

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 KM definition…cont’d
 Value based km is applied in three-tiered manner (three organizational
levels)
◦ Individual
◦ Group or Community
◦ Organization itself
 KM includes deliberate and systematic coordination of an organization’s
people, technology, processes and organizational structure
 Coordination is achieved through
 creating, sharing and applying knowledge
 feeding the valuable lessons learned and best practices into corporate memory
 fostering continued organizational learning
 What knowledge is managed???

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 People and KM
 People-oriented approaches represent a central
element in KM.  HRM strongly interrelates with
knowledge management
 Employees create, hold and apply knowledge.
 New employees bring their knowledge and ideas to an
organization.
 Individuals that are already members of the organization
 learn individually as well as in teams and networks
 participate in organizational training and development programs.

 Employees who leave the organization take their

knowledge with them.

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 What Knowledge is managed?
 The knowledge that we need to manage is that
which is critical to our company
◦ Knowledge of a particular job, such as how to
fix low information use problems in the facility.

◦ Knowledge of who knows what in a company,

who solved a similar problem last time.

◦ Knowledge of who is best to perform a particular

job or task, who has the latest training or best
qualifications in a particular subject.
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 What Knowledge is managed? …cont’d
 Knowledge of corporate history—has this
process been tried before, what was the
outcome?
 Knowledge of how to put together a team
that can work on a project,
who has worked successfully together in the
past?
what skills were needed on similar projects .

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 Two forms of knowledge
 Tacit knowledge-
 Personal and context-specific knowledge of a person
 difficult to articulate
 Difficult to put into words
 Tends to reside within the heads of the knower

 Highly skilled, experienced and expert individuals may find it harder to

articulate their know-how.

 Not possible to separate, store and distribute the whole knowledge of

somebody.

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 Two forms of knowledge… Cont’d
 Explicit Knowledge
◦ Represents content that has been captured in some
tangible form such as words, audio recording or
images
◦ Can be codified, collected, stored and disseminated

 Learners are more appropriate to easily verbalize

what they are attempting to do because they are
typically following a manual/guide.
 The sort of knowledge you can easily recognize is explicit knowledge—
◦ explicit in the sense that it can be codified or written down.

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 Explicit/implicit mutually exclusive?

 The words explicit and implicit can be misleading

because they imply that they are exclusive

◦ Explicit knowledge is grounded in tacit knowledge and is

created by externalization of tacit knowledge

◦ It is the part of tacit knowledge that can be expressed verbally

and does not represent the entire body of knowledge

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 Tacit Vs. Explicit
Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge

Ability to adapt to deal with new and Ability to disseminate, to reproduce to

exceptional Situations access and to reapply throughout the
organization

Expertise, know how, know who and Ability to teach, to train

care why

Ability to collaborate, to share a vision, Ability to organize, to systematize, to

to transmit a culture translate a vision into a mission
statement, into operational guidelines

Coaching and mentoring to transfer Transfer of knowledge via products,

experienced knowledge on a one-to- services, and documented processes
one face-to-face basis.

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 Why is KM important today?
Corporate amnesia
 We are more mobile as a workforce, which creates problems of
knowledge continuity for the organization and places continuous
learning demands on the knowledge worker.
 We no longer expect to spend our entire work life with the same
organization.

Information-overload
 a response to the challenge of trying to manage an information-
overloaded work environment.

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Why is KM important today…?

Technological advances.
◦ We are more connected.
◦ Advances in information technology not only have made connectivity global but have
radically changed expectations.
◦ We are expected to be “on” at all times,

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KM for individuals
 For the individual, KM:
 Helps people do their jobs and save time through better decision
making and problem solving.

 Builds a sense of community bonds within the organization.

 Helps people to keep up to date.

 Provides challenges and opportunities to contribute.

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KM for Communities of Practice
 For the community of practice, KM:

 Develops professional skills.

 Promotes peer-to-peer mentoring.
 Facilitates more effective networking and collaboration.
 Develops a professional code of ethics that members can
follow.
 Develops a common language.

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KM for Organizations
 For the organization, KM:
 Helps drive strategy.
 Solves problems quickly.
 Diffuses best practices.
 Improves knowledge embedded in products and services.
 increases opportunities for innovation.
 Enables organizations to stay ahead of the competition better.
 Builds organizational memory.

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 Summary

 Knowledge is more complex than data or

information; it is subjective, often based on
experience, and highly contextual.

 Knowledge exists in two forms:

◦ explicit knowledge that can be codified
◦ tacit knowledge that cannot always be codified.

 KM is not necessarily “completely new” but has been

practiced in a wide variety of settings

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Summary…cont’d
 There is no generally accepted definition of KM, but most
practitioners and professionals concur that KM treats both tacit
and explicit knowledge with the objective of adding value to
the organization.

 If a knowledge representation is too formalized, much tacit

knowledge will be lost.

◦ Thus knowledge representations for knowledge management systems

must be flexible and broad.

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