Module No.

IV: Information Operations Module

Evolution of CMO

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Evolution of CMO
1985-1988 1988-1993 1993-2006
• Value Orientation, • Value Orientation, • Military Values
Indoctrination and Indoctrination and Education (MILVED)
Continuing Education Continuing Education
(VOICE) (VOICE)

• Military Economic • Military Economic • Military Livelihood

Welfare (MEW) Program Welfare (MEW) Program Enhancement (MILE)
Program

• Public Affairs and Inter- • Public Affairs and Inter-
Agency Coordination Agency Coordination
(PAIAC) (PAIAC)
• Mass Communication
(MC)
• Civic Action (CIVAC)
• Community Relations
(COMREL)
• Public Information (PI)

• Manpower Reserve and • Mass Organization • Psychological Operations

Reserve Affairs Development (MOD) (PSYOPS)
Administration (MRRAA)
• Human Rights Effort • Research and Special
(HRE) Studies (RSS)
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

History of CMO
• CMO was traced to as early as Lapu-lapu’s period and
continued during Spanish, American and Japanese regimes;

• History shows that a form of CMO was used in resisting

colonizers. A number of propaganda movements were
organized to denounce the abuses and injustices against the
people;

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

History of CMO
• During HUKBALAHAP, the military focused not only on
combat but also on establishing favorable relations with the
civilian populace in order to weaken the enemy forces;

• In 1973 – 1976, the CEMCOM commander constantly

emphasized the use of CMO as both words and deeds
activities together with combat operations in order to
achieve victory;

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

History of CMO
• In 1980’s, a number of innovative and non-traditional CMO
concepts were used to address the growing threat of the local
communist insurgency;

• Magsaysay, Marcos and Ramos utilized CMO as a tool in

the conduct of military operations as cited in the paper
published in 1999 at Harvard School of Public Health ;

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

History of CMO
• The transformation of CMO as a doctrine in the AFP was
initiated by the Philippine Army in 2002, adopting three
CMO pillars, namely: Military Affairs, Civil Relations and
Psychological Operations. Prior to this, CMO was applied in
military operations using the traditional seven pillars,
namely: Psychological Operations, Public Information,
Civic Action, Community Relations, Military Values
Education, Military Livelihood Enhancement and Research
and Special Concerns;

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

History of CMO
• 01 July 2006, CMO was reactivated as major staff function
of the AFP;

• The IPSP paved the way for CMO to become a more visible
and active arm of the AFP Triad;

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

History of CMO
• In line with the IPSP’s main goal, one of the pillars of
CMO, Psychological Operations (PsyOps), was renamed
Information Support Affairs (ISA);

• CMO is a dynamic military concept. Its advancement will

continue with the changes that are taking place outside the
military organization.

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

AFP CMO Manual

• Serves as the underpinning doctrine for the conduct of the
AFP Civil-Military Operations (single service, Joint, Inter
Agency, and Multinational). It discusses how CMO is
utilized in gaining popular support and weakening the
adversaries’ will to fight.
• Serves as a guide to define and differentiate the activities,
programs, objectives and respective roles of the three pillars
of CMO.

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

CMO Defined
• planned activities undertaken independently or in
coordination with civilian entities

• to gain popular support and weaken the will of the enemy to

fight

CMO

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Objectives of CMO
1. Aims to minimize civil interference and maximize civilian
support for military operations to facilitate the achievement
of the AFP’s goals.

2. Supporting government’s development activities, protecting

the environment, and helping people prepare for and cope
with disasters.

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Objectives of CMO
3. CMO endeavors to:
• Maintain or enhance the trust and confidence of civilian
populace in AFP
• Project the AFP’s crucial role in the attainment of peace
and national development
• Reduce enemy growth
• Established and maintain good relations among military
force
• Win the hearts and minds of the people
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Levels of CMO STRATEGIC

NATIONAL AFP-WIDE
Provide CMO policies
and directions; support
national developmental
OPERATIONAL objectives

UNIFIED COMMAND/
DIVISION-WIDE
Support and maneuver
CMO personnel and
TACTICAL
resources to win
campaigns
BDE,BN, COY PLTN
“CMO activities on the
ground” to win battles
and engagements

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

CMO Imperatives
• Ensure unity and direction of effort

• Plan properly and anticipate events and requirements of CMO

activities

• Provide protection and security measures

• Maximize media utilization

• Interface CMO efforts with relevant stakeholders

Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

CMO Imperatives
• Use CMO as an enabler, catalyzer, unifier and force multiplier

• Exercise discipline and respect for human rights

• Use real-time intelligence

• Optimize the use of reservists

• Include legal support in CMO

Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Spectrum of CMO
Peacetime Conflict and
Competition Crisis Situation

Post-
Conflict
Condition

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

CMO Fundamentals

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

The CMO Triangle

PsyOps

CMO
Public Civil
Affairs Affairs

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Public Affairs
• information-related activities directed
to the external public to ensure a

fo
clear, accurate, and timely

In
Public

ic
dissemination of information

bl
Affairs

Pu
• conducted to establish & maintain Community Relation
constructive relations with PUBLIC/
communities COMMUNITY
• to gain the peoples’ trust, support &
confidence
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Public Affairs Components

• Public Information (PI)
conducts information activities directed to the public to ensure
a clear, accurate, and timely dissemination of information.

• Community Relations (COMREL)

establishes and maintains constructive relations with the
communities through information activities in order to
promote the organization’s objectives.

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Public Affairs Thrusts

Public Information (PI) Activities but are not limited to:

• Press releases
• Media appearances
• Press conferences
• AFP information campaign
• Public symposia and consultations
• Face-to-face dialogues
• Visual-Audio-Visual displays
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Public Affairs Thrusts

Community Relations (COMREL) Activities but are not
limited to:

• Military participation in community assemblies and

dialogues
• Community participation in military-initiated community
activities, and
• Production of information materials to promote the
organization’s objectives.
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Civil Affairs
• undertaken independent of or in

Ci
coordination with civilian entities

vi
Civil

c
• promoting public trust through

Ac
Affairs

t io
cooperation, collaboration and

n
conduct of sociological and Civil Relation

developmental activities PUBLIC/CIVIL

AUTHORITIES/
• to gain popular support. NGOs/LGUs

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Civil Affairs Components

• Civil Relations (CIVREL)
promotes cooperation and collaboration between the military
and civilians in order to gain popular support

• Civic Action (CIVAC)

•conducts military initiated activities with developmental and
sociological purposes in order to gain popular support.

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Civil Affairs Thrusts

Civil Relations (CIVREL) Activities but are not limited to:

•Inter-agency coordination
•Participation in cause-oriented initiatives
•Participation in socio-cultural activities
•Participation in national/local historical events

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Civil Affairs Thrusts

Civic Action (CIVAC) Activities but are not limited to:

• Health assistance (medical, dental, veterinary, nutrition services,

etc.)
• Engineer capability assistance
• Humanitarian assistance
• Disaster relief and rehabilitation assistance
• Education assistance (non-formal, vocational, livelihood programs,
etc.)
• Environmental protection
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Psychological Operations
• to influence the emotions, attitudes,
beliefs, opinions and behavior ENEMY/SUPPORT
(EABOB) of target audiences
• to redirect unfavorable attitudes and

ds

De
behavior into favorable

or

e
ds
W
PsyOps
• to transform neutral or passive
attitude and behavior to become Counter Propaganda

favorable

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

PsyOps Components
• Words PsyOps
involves the dissemination of any information, concept or idea through the
various media to influence the EABOB of target audience

• Deeds PsyOps
involves the conduct of combat and non-combat activities, outside of pure
communication activities, to influence the EABOB of target audience.

• Counter Propaganda
involves the conduct of activities in response to enemy propaganda.
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

PsyOps Thrusts
Words PsyOps Activities but are not limited to:
• Production and distribution of printed materials
• Brochures
• Comics, Posters
• Books, Streamers
• Billboards

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

PsyOps Thrusts
Words PsyOps Activities but are not limited to:
• Production and presentation of audio, visual and audio-
visual products
• Documentaries
• TV appearances
• Radio plugs
• Radio programs
• Puppet shows
• Loudspeaker operations
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

PsyOps Thrusts
Deeds PsyOps Activities but are not limited to:

• Combat operations (patrols, raids, etc.)

• Guerilla theater operation
• Deception operations (ruse, demo, etc.)
• Conduct of checkpoints (own or deputized)
• CMO-oriented activities (more of PA-CA)
• Livelihood projects
• Sports festival
• Medical/dental civic actions
• Army Literacy Patrol System and others
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module
ENEMY/SUPPORT

ds
N

De
or
IO

AC
e
ds
W
PsyOps

AT

Ta
Counter Propaganda

ION
R
FO

Ci
CMO
fo

S
vi
In

c
Civil
IN

Public

Ac
i c
bl

Affairs

t
Affairs

io
Pu

n
Community Relation Civil Relation

PUBLIC/ RELATIONS PUBLIC/CIVIL

AUTHORITIES/
COMMUNITY
NGOs/LGUs
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Operation methodology in implementing
Campaign Plans to defeat the CTM
Before During After

CMO SHAPE

CLEAR HOLD SUPPORT

(CONSOLIDATE-
DEVELOP)

BANTAY LAYA II
0 2006 2010
WIN HOLD WIN
CMO in a Battlefield Framework

PsyOps
CA
PA CA

PA MIL EN PsyOps
PA CA

CA
CA

REAR MBA ADVANCE

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Stakeholder Engagement

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Stakeholder Engagement
• According to the Australian Department of Immigration and
Citizenship (2008), a stakeholder is “any individual or
group who has a vested interest in the outcome of a body
of work”.

• For Brinkerhoff and Crosby (2009), the term refers to “any

individual or group that makes a difference or that can
affect or be affected by the achievement of the
organization’s objectives”.
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Stakeholder Engagement
• Is the process of interacting with any
individual or group that has an
interest, can make a difference or
can affect, if not affected, by the
achievement or non-achievement of
the unit’s mission.

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module
Includes determining the objectives for
engagement, prioritizing the
stakeholders to be engaged, and
choosing the right approach for a
PLANNING particular stakeholder

ASSESSMENT
Measure of effectiveness
EXECUTION
Refers to the actual conduct of
engagement based on the
stakeholder engagement plan.

The Three-Phase
Stakeholder Engagement Cycle

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Five Steps in Stakeholder Engagement

Planning Process
• Analyze Mission

• Identify Stakeholders

• Analyze Stakeholder

• Determine Engagement Approach

• Complete Engagement Plan

Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module
Step 1a. Determine Context

Step1b. Determine Unit Mission

STEP 1 Step 1c. Determine SEN Task and Purpose
Analyze
Mission Step 1d. Determine Risks

Step 2a. Identify Stakeholders

STEP 2
Identify Step 2b. Classify Stakeholders
Stakeholders
Step 3a. Rate Stakeholders using Power
and Interest Matrix
STEP 3
Analyze Step 3b. Plot Stakeholder in the Power
Stakeholders And Interest Diagram

Step 4a. Identify the General Engagement

STEP 4 Approach
Determine
Engagement Step 4b. Make an Engagement
Approach

STEP 5
Complete Five Step Stakeholder Engagement
Engagement
Approach
Planning Process

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Power Interest Matrix

Stakeholders Power(s) PV Interests IV
(1-5) (1-5)
Key Stakeholders
1….2….3…..
Primary Stakeholders
1….2….3…..
Secondary Stakeholders
LEVELS OF POWER & INTEREST
1….2….3…..
Very High – 5
Tertiary
HighStakeholders
-4
1….2….3…..
Medium - 3
 Low -2
 Very Low - 1

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Power Interest Matrix

Stakeholders Power(s) PV Interests IV
(1-5) (1-5)
Key Stakeholders
1….2….3…..
Primary Stakeholders
1….2….3…..
Secondary Stakeholders
POSITIONAL POWER PERSONAL POWER
1….2….3…..
 Legitimate - position in orgn  Expert - knowledge based
 Tertiary
Reward Stakeholders
– ability to reward  Referent – influential/morally
 1….2….3…..
Coercive – ability to punish or persuade
prevent from obtaining rewards  Connection – networking
 Information – reliable info

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

Power Interest Matrix

Stakeholders Power(s) PV Interests IV
(1-5) (1-5)
Key Stakeholders
1….2….3…..
Primary Stakeholders
1….2….3…..
Secondary Stakeholders
 Expectations and how will stakeholder benefit
1….2….3…..
Conflicting interests with the project / issue
Tertiary Stakeholders
Commitment of the stakeholder (tangible resources or moral
support ?)
1….2….3…..
 Existing relationship conflicts between stakeholders that can
hinder the project

Police Community Affairs and Development Course

 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

1 2
High Power, High Power,
Low Interest High Interest

Low POWER High

4 3
Low Power, Low Power,
Low Interest High Interest

Low INTEREST High

Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module

1 2
High Power,to High Power,
Keep satisfied Engage closely and
Low Interest High Interest
increase interest influence actively
Low POWER High

4 3
Monitor
Low Power,
with Low Power,
Keep informed
minimum
Low Interest
effort High Interest

Low INTEREST High

Police Community Affairs and Development Course
 Module No. IV: Information Operations Module
High Power, Low Interest
Keep satisfied to increase interest
• Consultation
• Consensus building
• Focused dialogues
• Negotiation
• Involvement / participation
Low Power, Low Interest
Monitor with minimum effort
• Surveys
• Interviews
• Periodic visits
• Report
Police Community Affairs and Development Course
High Power, High Interest
Engage closely and influence actively
• Focused group discussion
• Collaborative efforts
• Joint initiatives/centures
• Inter-agency coordn
• One-on-one meeting
• Mediation
• Alliance building
Low Power, High Interest
Keep Informed
• Press release
• Briefing / meetings or forum
• Social networks
• Road shows
• Empowerment efforts
• Community organizing