Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 13
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
DRIED LEGUMES
KEY POINTS
Kidney Beans
• A subgroup of this family is sometimes called haricot
beans (haricot is the French word for “bean”).
Peas
• Dried green and yellow peas are the same peas we eat
as a fresh vegetable, but they are left on the vine until
mature and dry.
• They are usually split, with the hull removed.
• Split peas cook quickly without preliminary soaking.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
DRIED LEGUMES
TYPES AND VARIETIES (CONT’D)
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
DRIED LEGUMES
TYPES AND VARIETIES (CONT’D)
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS
• Grains are the edible seeds of various members of the
grass family.
• Each seed consists of four parts:
1. The husk: an inedible fibrous outer layer that is
removed during processing
2. The endosperm: the starchy mass that forms most
of the kernel
3. The bran: a tough but edible layer covering the
endosperm
4. The germ: the tiny embryo that forms the new plant
when the seed sprouts
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Rice
– Regular milled white rice
has been milled to
remove the outer bran
coating.
– This process removes
some vitamins and
minerals
– It produces a white,
lighter-textured product
most people prefer.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Enriched rice
– Has received a coating of vitamins to compensate for
some of the nutrients lost in milling.
• Short-grain and medium-grain rice
– Have small, round kernels that become sticky when
cooked.
• Long-grain rice
– Has long, slender grains.
– Stays separate and fluffy when properly cooked.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Instant rice
– Has been precooked and dried.
– It can be prepared quickly. It does not hold well after
cooking, and the grains quickly lose their shape and
become mushy.
• Brown rice
– Has the bran layer left on.
– Available as short, medium, or long grain.
– Brown rice takes about twice as long to cook as white
rice.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Arborio
– Arborio rice is one of several Italian varieties of a
type of short-grain rice essential for making the
highest-quality risotto.
• Basmati rice
– Extra-long-grain rice widely used in India and
surrounding countries.
• Jasmine rice
– Long-grain white rice from Thailand and other parts of
Southeast Asia.
– A little like basmati rice but more delicate or floral.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Wehani rice
– Aromatic rice, red in color, with a rich, earthy flavor.
• Wild pecan rice
– Wild pecan rice is a cultivated, not wild, long-grain
rice from Louisiana.
• Glutinous rice
– Also called sticky rice and sweet rice.
– Sweet-tasting short-grain rice.
– Becomes quite sticky and chewy when cooked.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Top row: true wild rice, Wehani rice, cultivated wild rice.
• Bottom row: parboiled or converted rice, brown long-
grain rice.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Corn
– Corn, as a grain, is not often cooked whole.
– It is ground into cornmeal.
– Meal can be defined as a coarsely ground grain, as
distinguished from flour, which is finely ground grain.
• Polenta
• Hominy
• Grits
• Pozole
• Blue corn
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Wheat
– Wheat germ and wheat bran
• Usually used as additions to baked goods and
some other dishes to enrich their nutritional
content and to add flavor and interest.
– Cracked wheat
• Whole wheat grains that have been cut into
smaller pieces.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Wheat (cont’d)
– Wheatberries
• Wheatberries are the whole grain minus the hulls.
– Bulgur
• Type of cracked wheat that has been partially
cooked or parched.
• It is usually available in coarse, medium, and fine
granulations.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Wheat (cont’d)
– Green wheat
• Wheat that is harvested while immature and then
dried.
– Couscous
• Is not actually a grain.
• It is made from semolina wheat and is sort of a
granular pasta.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
• Other Grains – Farro
– Wild rice – Spelt
– Kamut
• Not actually rice but
– Flaxseed
rather the seed of
– Buckwheat
an unrelated grass
– Quinoa
native to the
– Barley
northern United
– Triticale
States and Canada.
– Oats
– Amaranth
– Millet
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
TYPES OF GRAINS (CONT’D)
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
STORING AND HANDLING GRAINS
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
COOKING GRAINS
Simmering Methods
• The exact amount of liquid needed varies considerably,
depending on these factors:
– The type of grain, its age, and its moisture content.
– Tightness or looseness of the cover (degree of moisture
loss during cooking).
– Desired moistness of the finished
product.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
COOKING GRAINS (CONT’D)
Pasta Method
• It is so called because, like pasta, the item is cooked in a
large quantity of water and drained.
Simmering Meals and Cereals
• Large particles such as oats are usually stirred into
boiling water and don’t lump.
• Granular meals such as cornmeal must be stirred slowly
into boiling water to prevent lumping.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
GRAINS
COOKING GRAINS (CONT’D)
The Pilaf Method
• The pilaf method is equivalent to braising.
• The grain is first sautéed in fat and then cooked in liquid.
• The fat helps keep the grains separate and adds flavor.
Risotto Method
• After sautéing the rice, add a small amount of hot stock or
other liquid and stir until the liquid is absorbed.
• Repeat this procedure until the rice is cooked but still firm.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PASTA, NOODLES, AND DUMPLINGS
ITALIAN-STYLE PASTAS
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PASTA, NOODLES, AND DUMPLINGS
ITALIAN-STYLE PASTAS (CONT’D)
Kinds, Characteristics, and Quality Factors
• Macaroni
– Any dried pasta made from flour and water
• The best dried macaroni pastas are made from semolina, a
high-protein flour from the inner part of durum wheat
kernels.
• Lower-quality products are made from farina, a softer flour.
• Egg pastas
– Contain at least 5.5 percent egg solids in addition to the flour
and water.
– They are usually sold as flat noodles of various widths.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PASTA, NOODLES, AND DUMPLINGS
ITALIAN-STYLE PASTAS (CONT’D)
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PASTA, NOODLES, AND DUMPLINGS
OTHER NOODLE PRODUCTS
• Chinese noodles
• Cantonese noodles
• Udon
• Somen
• Soba, Chasoba, and
Chukasoba
• Rice noodles
• Bean thread noodles
• Cellophane noodles
• Couscous
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PASTA, NOODLES, AND DUMPLINGS
COOKING PASTA
Doneness
• Pasta should be cooked al dente, or “to the tooth.”
• Many suggestions have been made for testing
doneness, but none is more reliable than breaking off a
very small piece and tasting it.
• As soon as the pasta is al dente, the cooking must
be stopped at once.
• Pasta is best if cooked and served immediately.
• One pound (450 g) uncooked dried pasta yields
about 3 pounds (1.4 kg) cooked pasta.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
PASTA, NOODLES, AND DUMPLINGS
DUMPLINGS
• Starch products made from soft doughs or batters and
cooked by simmering or steaming.
• Dumplings are served as side dishes and in soups and
stews.
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
RECIPE PRONUNCIATIONS
• Frijoles de la Olla • Arroz a la Mexicana
(Mexican Pinto Beans) • Paella
• Frijoles Refritos • Polenta
• Pasta e Fagioli • Polenta Pasticciata
• Purée of Flageolet • Farrotto with
Beans with Garlic Pecorino Cheese
• Masoor Dal (Red • Kasha Pilaf with Egg
Lentils with Spices) • Ragù Bolognese
• Rice Pilaf • Spaghetti Carbonara
• Risotto Milanese • Lasagne al Forno
• Risi Bisi
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
RECIPE PRONUNCIATIONS
• Pizzoccheri
• Pad Thai
• Spaetzle
• Potato Gnocchi with Tomato Sauce
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.