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© SKF Group

Carbon Shield Oil Mist


Lubrication Business

James Faulk
June 18, 2015
Alemite Carbon Shield Oil Mist

Alemite Business Unit

 Founded in 1918; Headquartered in Fort Mill, South Carolina USA


 Global sales, distribution & service capabilities.
Custom design and engineering.
Application knowledge
Manufacturing  
 Expert and innovator in designing and manufacturing of cost-effective lubrication and fluid
handling systems.
 Achieved an international reputation in refineries, petrochemical and gas-gathering
industries as a leader in centralized oil mist lubrication systems.

© SKF Group Slide 3 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Lubrication and Fluid Handling Solutions
with Customers Worldwide

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Oil Mist Lubrication

What is Oil Mist


 Oil Mist is a mixture of clean dry air and oil
 200,000 parts of air to 1 part oil
 Oil Mist is created when air atomizes oil into small particles
 Particles of 1 to 5 microns in size
 Oil Mist is not a spray or an aerosol
 Not a VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) is Not explosive nor Flammable
 Oil Mist is a lubricant that is conveyed to deliver the exact amount of
pressurized oil to bearings and metal surfaces requiring lubrication
 Conveyed at .7 psi pressure
 Pressure at bearing .07 psi
 Flows at 5 to 6 meters per second
 Oil Mist has proven to provide significant benefits
 Clean once through flow
 Enters Bearing at Ambient temperature
 Lowers Bearing temperatures as much as 10-20°C

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What Does Oil Mist Lubrication Do

INCREASE REDUCE
• Energy consumption due to friction
• Heat generation due to friction
• Wear due to friction
• Productivity • Noise due to friction
• Reliability • Downtime
• Availability and durability • Operating expenses
• Machine uptime • Product contamination
• Service intervals • Maintenance and repair costs
• Safety • Lubricant consumption
• Corrosion

Oil Mist Provides Adequate Lubrication

© SKF Group Slide 6 Thursday, December 15, 2022


What is Adequate Lubrication

…with the right


lubrication system…

The correct
lubricant…
…at the right
lubrication
point.
…supplied in the correct
amount …. …at the right time…

LUBRICATION

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Carbon Shield Oil Mist Generator Package

110 Gallon Bulk Oil Storage Tank Carbon Shield Oil Mist Generator

© SKF Group Slide 8 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Carbon Shield Oil Mist Generator

Carbon Shield is nothing more then the Trade


Mark name for Alemite’s already proven oil mist
technology.
Carbon Shield™ is the new generation of
Alemite oil mist lubrication systems, matching
your need for automated monitoring, and
integration into plant operating systems. The
Carbon Shield™ oil lubrication system combines
proven oil mist technology with state of the art
control, monitoring and communications.
Carbon Shield™ console is designed with
components and features to meet the National
Electric Code (NEC) for use in Class I, Division
II, Groups B,C and D temperature code T4
hazardous locations with third party UL
certification.
Stainless Steel NEMA 4X cabinet with weather
sealed three point locking door.

© SKF Group Slide 9 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Carbon Shield Key Features

 Intelligent diagnostics
Checks the health of components and
communicates warnings automatically.
 Adaptive system
Built in intelligence capable of detecting
intentional and unintentional changes inside the
system.
 Continuous control
PID closed loop continuous control ensuring
and maintaining the appropriate air/oil ratio,
replacing limited capability of old discrete
control systems.
 Communications interface
Interface with existing DCS and enterprise
systems allowing easy access to system
information from a centralized location.
 Historical data and trending
Simple data acquisition and trending.
 Direct oil/air monitoring system
Accurate, reliable direct measuring of oil/air
mixture.

© SKF Group Slide 10 Thursday, December 15, 2022


How Is Oil Mist Generated

 Compressed air is passed through a Venturi. Oil is siphoned from a reservoir by the air flow and is
atomized into a fine spray through the Venturi. Baffles downstream from the Venturi nozzle causing the
larger oil particles to coalesce and return to the reservoir. The remaining air-oil-mixture is atomized oil
particles (droplets) averaging 1-5 microns in diameter. The suspended oil particles in the air are dry enough
to be conveyed through distribution piping at velocities up to 6 meters per second.

Mist Pressure 20” H2O

1 part oil / 200,000 parts Air

on
cr
Mi
1-5
© SKF Group Slide 11 Thursday, December 15, 2022
How Does Oil Mist Work

 You will recall that the oil mist droplets are 1-5 microns in size. Because of their small size, the dirt or wear
particles that can cause fatigue will not remain in suspension with the oil mist and will therefore drop out in the
oil mist generator. As some have accurately commented, oil mist is the ultimate oil filter.
 During research done by Texas A&M University, it was discovered that pure oil mist deposits a wear
resistant layer of dry film on the wear surfaces of rolling element bearings. Their research did not find this layer
to be on bearings using conventional splash lubrication service or purge mist applications.

 Most common question and concerns of those not familiar with oil mist lubrication is what will happen if
the oil mist fails to operate while their equipment is in operation. First thought is the bearings will fail
immediately. Not true, research and operation experience have shown that, because of this oil film, equipment
can safely operate up to 8 hours without oil mist lubrication.

© SKF Group Slide 12 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Benefits of Oil Mist

Increased Reliability
By providing the right amount of lubricant in the right place, an oil mist lubrication system guarantees the smooth
running of mechanical rolling elements. Reduced vibrations and lower operating temperatures ensuring reliability
and extended life.
Environmentally Safe
Oil mist systems reduce oil consumption. With oil mist the amount of oil consumed is 40% less than traditional
sump lubrication. In addition to that more than 50% of the lubricant can be recovered. This reduces energy
consumption which in turn also reduces the emission of greenhouse gasses into the environment.
Reduction in seal and bearing failures.
Due to reduced friction, vibration and wear through effective lubrication, there is a reduction of up to 90% in
antifriction bearing failures and seal failures are reduced by on average 35%.
Reduced operating temperatures 
Reduced operating temperatures in antifriction bearings of between 10ºC to 20ºC are obtained, when changing
from static oil bath to pure mist lubrication.
Cleaner lubrication with less contamination
When providing mist to a bearing housing a positive pressure is produced inside the chamber, which does not
allow the entrance of external contaminants, such as water and solid particles suspended in the atmosphere such as
dust and sand, therefore cutting down on the main causes of material wear.

                                                                                                                                              

© SKF Group Slide 13 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Why Bearings Fail …………….

© SKF Group Slide 14 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Contamination

Causes of Contamination
 A contaminant is any substance that enters a system and adversely affects its function or reliability.
Contaminants such as solids, water and gases (primarily air and moisture) will react with lubricants also
decreasing the life of rotating equipment.  
 The most common source of entry is through breather caps, imperfect seals, or other unplanned openings
during normal operation of the equipment. This includes the addition of fluid during initial fills or top-offs.  
 As system or environmental temperatures change, the lubricant and air inside the Sump will expand and
contract; forcing air into or out of the housing know as breathing.

© SKF Group Slide 15 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Contamination

Stopping Contamination
 The oil mist system provides a flushing action with fresh, clean lubricant and acts in a slight manner as a
bearing coolant. The carrier air used to distribute the oil provides additional benefits in that it maintains a
slight positive pressure in bearing housing. The "outward" air flow prevents the entrance of contaminants.
Where mist systems run continuously - and when equipment is inoperative (stand-by) – problems with
condensation reaching bearing surfaces are eliminated.

Remove &
Plug Vent Oil Mist Inlet

Positive Positive
Pressure Pressure

© SKF Group Slide 16 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Prevent Inadequate Lubrication by Applying Oil Mist

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Distribution of Oil Mist

 Once the oil mist has been generated it is then transported through a piping system, know as a distribution
header or supply header. The oil mist at this stage of distribution is know as “Dry Mist”.
 The header is normally 2 inch NPT threaded galvanized steel pipe, schedule 40. or schedule 80. The header
can also be 2 inch welded stainless steel pipe. The header must be installed with a slope back in the
direction of the oil mist generating console. Since there are oil mist particles that get condensed in the pipe
this allows the oil to return to the reservoir of the oil mist generator console to be re-circulated, therefore
reducing oil consumption and increasing efficiency.
 The distribution header must be installed in a way that it avoids abrupt changes of direction, sagging or
traps, with the purpose of maintaining a pressure of on average 20 inches of water column. By following
these recommendations, the oil mist can be transported in a horizontal radius of on average 600 ft (180
m) from the oil mist generator console.
 Once the oil mist has been transported through the distribution header the oil mist is terminated at each
piece of equipment that is to receive lubrication. The oil mist is now transported through a mist manifold
and mist reclassifier (mist fitting).
 Once the oil mist passes through the mist reclassifier it becomes more turbulent and is know as “Wet Mist”.
 To Recap “Dry Mist” is for conveying the oil mist and “Wet Mist” is for lubricating the bearings and metal
surfaces.

© SKF Group Slide 18 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Distribution of Oil Mist

180 Meter Run Length

Carbon Shield Oil Mist Generator

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Distribution of Oil Mist

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Distribution of Oil Mist

TYPICAL INSTALLATION

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Distribution of Oil Mist

Open Loop Mist Application

Each equipment train to


be lubricated should be
installed with a drop
point, originating from
the upper header and
terminating at the oil mist
manifold

© SKF Group Slide 22 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Distribution of Oil Mist

Closed Loop Mist Application

© SKF Group Slide 23 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Distribution of Oil Mist

Dry Mist For Conveying

Dry Oil Mist Wet Oil Mist


1-5 Micron 25-30 Micron

Oil Mist Fitting Oil Mist particles become Turbulent causing them to
grow in size and become a wetter mist
(Reclassifier)

© SKF Group Slide 24 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Applications of Oil Mist

OIL MIST CAN BE APPLIED IN TWO FORMATS

 Pure Mist also known as (dry sump oil mist). In pure mist applications the oil level is
removed from the bearing housing of the equipment, eliminating the constant oil level and the
slinger ring.
 The lubrication is provided by the reclassified oil mist that enters the housing and passes
through the bearings. The oil mist is condensed in the bearing housing  and drained to a
collection container connected to the lower part of the equipment with tubing .

 Purge Mist also known as (wet sump oil mist). With purge mist applications, the oil mist is
applied to the vapor space above the liquid oil in the bearing house, gear boxes, oil reservoirs,
and journal (plain) bearings. This is done to exclude water and other contaminants.
 Often, users mistakenly believe that purge mist is better because it combines the benefits of
both lubrication methods. In fact, pure mist has substantial benefits over purge mist as we will
explain ahead.

© SKF Group Slide 25 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Application of Oil Mist

Pure Mist

 Also Known as “Dry Sump”


 Mist Flows “Thru Bearing”
 Positive Pressure
 Positive Lubrication
 Contains No Contaminates
 Cools The Bearing
 Flushes Away Wear Particles

© SKF Group Slide 26 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Application of Oil Mist

Purge Mist

 Also Known as “Wet Sump”


 Mist Flows “Thru Vapor Space ”
 Above the Oil Level. Oil Mist

 Positive Pressure to Exclude


Contaminates
 Sump Oil Still the Lubrication Oil Sump
Force.

© SKF Group Slide 27 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Application of Pure Oil Mist

 Oil Mist Manifold


Allows the visual monitoring of the condensed oil
as it collects in drop pipe. This allows the
operators to drain the manifold when as required.

 Oil Mist Fitting (Reclassifier)


Convert s small particles of dry mist into larger
particles (wet mist) which is used to lubricate
surfaces.

 Oil Mist Sight Glass


Sight glass allows easy observation of water or
other contaminants from the bearing housing.
Sight glass allows venting of oil mist from the
closed bearing housing.

 Collection Container
Allows the collection of liquid oil from the
bearing housings due to the condensation of the
oil mist. Allows the excess oil to be drained to a
separate container.

© SKF Group Slide 28 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Application of Pure Oil Mist

ELECTRIC MOTOR
 Today’s manufactures have made
provisions for Pure Oil Mist lubrication
(15kw and above)

 Must be ordered from OEM as “Oil


Mist Ready”

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Pure Oil Mist API 610

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Application of Purge Oil Mist
 Oil Mist Manifold
Allows the visual monitoring of the condensed oil as
it collects in drop pipe. This allows the operators to
drain the manifold when required.
 Oil Mist Fitting (Reclassifier)
Convert s small particles of dry mist into larger
particles (wet mist) which is used to create positive
pressure inside bearing housing
 Oil Mist/Vent/Fill
Allows the Mist to enter the bearing housing while
letting the Bearing House vent at the same time. Also
allows filling of oil with out disturbing the Oil mist
and venting.
 Oil Level Sight Indicator
Sight Indicator allows easy observation of the oil
level in the pump as well as maintaining the oil level
to prevent overfilling of the bearing housing.
 Oil Mist Sight Glass
Sight glass allows easy observation of water or other
contaminants from the bearing housing.
Collection Container
Allows the excess oil from Sight Level Indicator to
be drained maintaining oil level inside bearing
housing. Allows the excess oil to be drained to a
separate container.

© SKF Group Slide 31 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Application of Purge Oil Mist Vertical Pump

MIST INLET

OIL LEVEL
SIGHT MIST VENT
ASSEMBLY

OIL LEVEL

DRAIN SIGHT
DRAIN TO BOTTLE
COLLECTION
CONTAINER

© SKF Group Slide 32 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Application of Purge Oil Mist Overhung Pump

Oil Mist Inlet

Inlet / Vent / Fill / Manifold

Level / Sight / Vent

Oil Sight Bottle

Oil Collection Container

© SKF Group Slide 33 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Application of Purge Oil Mist High Pressure Blowers

 Oil Mist Fitting (Reclassifier)


Convert s small particles of dry mist into larger
particles (wet mist) which is used to create positive
pressure inside bearing housing
 Oil Mist/Vent/Fill
Allows the Mist to enter the bearing housing while
letting the Bearing House vent at the same time. Also
allows filling of oil with out disturbing the Oil mist
and venting.
 Oil Level Sight Indicator
Sight Indicator allows easy observation of the oil
level in the pump as well as maintaining the oil level
to prevent overfilling of the bearing housing.
 Oil Mist Sight Glass
Sight glass allows easy observation of water or other
contaminants from the bearing housing.
 Collection Container
Allows the excess oil from Sight Level Indicator to
be drained maintaining oil level inside bearing
housing. Allows the excess oil to be drained to a
separate container.

© SKF Group Slide 34 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Oil Mist Accessories

Mist Manifold
1. Mist manifold allows the transition of the
oil mist from Dry Mist to Wet Mist through
the mist fitting from the drop pipe to the
equipment.
2. Allows oil mist to be distributed to multiple
application points.
3. Oil Mist Manifold allows the visual
monitoring of the condensed oil that collects
in the drop pipe.
4. A Push button drain allows the operators to
drain the manifold when required
5. Stainless Steel Construction

© SKF Group Slide 35 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Oil Mist Fittings

Mist Fitting (Reclassifier)


 Mist Fitting also know as Reclassifiers are
devices that convert small particles of dry
mist into larger particles (wet mist) which is
used to lubricate surfaces.

 A reclassifier works basically like an orifice Spray Fitting Spray Nozzle


through which the mist is accelerated,
increasing the turbulence of the flow and the
number of particle collisions, thereby
forming larger oil particles.

 The rate of flow through reclassifiers is


determined by the dimensions of the small
hole or orifice in the reclassifier. Condensing Fitting Mist Fitting

© SKF Group Slide 36 Thursday, December 15, 2022


CARBON SHIELD™
Oil Mist Environmental Impact
10/07

When Oil mist is engineered, installed, operated, and maintained properly the systems are
cleaner than conventional lubrication. Lubricating oils are not VOC's; remember that oil
mist is not a vapor but a suspension. There are over 20,000 pumps in USA refineries on
pure oil mist in open loop systems. The number of open loop systems operating around
the world are 30 times greater than the number of closed loop systems installed.

Current environmental restrictions that apply to airborne oil mists are the OSHA values of
5.0 mg/m3. A number of evaluations have been conducted by corporate environmental
departments and have shown concentrations of mists well below the 5.0 mg level.

Maximum concentration have been observed was approximately 2.0 mg/m3 and this was
when measurements were made at six to twelve inches away from a disconnected 0.18
cfm reclassi.er
Blowing directly into the atmosphere. Other studies have measured concentrations around
the pump shaft and at purge mist vents.

Values were well below 0.5 mg/m3. Hence, given today’s limits, oil
Mist is easily in compliance with the standards.

© SKF Group Slide 37 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Oil Mist Environmental Impact

Environmental laws, such as California’s Rule #1173, titled Fugitive Emissions of Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC), specifically exempt oil mist as a Volatile Organic Compound
(VOC). This means that oil mist is not a smog producing mixture. Remember that oil mist
is not a vapor but a mixture of very fine oil droplets and air. In time, the oil droplets will
drop out of the air.
According to NIOSH publication 81-123-b-0472.pdf says that the “Permissible Exposure
Limit (PEL)… is

5 milligrams of mineral oil mist per cubic meter of air (mg/m 3) averaged over an eight-
hour work shift.” Incidentally, the Canadian Occupational Safety Administration sets oil
mist Occupational Exposure Limits at 5 mg/m 3 for an 8 hour Occupational Exposure
Limit (OEL) and 10 mg/m3 for a 15 minute OEL. Field measurements and testing never
found measurements to be anywhere near close to the imposed limits.
Since oil mist is so lean, 1 part oil to 200,000 parts air, explosions are impossible. For
the mixture to burn, the concentration would have to more than 1 to 250. Therefore, oil
mist is safe.

© SKF Group Slide 38 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Features and Benefits

Oil Mist helps to overcome causes of failure modes of alternative lubrication


methods.

Features Benefits
 Mist Fitting Sized per Bearing  Reduces Oil Usage

 Continuous One Through Mist Flow  Bearings Run Cooler 15-25 Degrees C

 Automated Continuously Monitored  No Human Intervention


Centralized System
 Keeps Moisture and Air Born
 Positive Pressure in Bearing Housing Contaminants out of Bearing Housing

 One Oil for all Equipment  Saves Money on Oil

© SKF Group Slide 39 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Engineering Services

Alemite LLC will provide the following Engineering Services as a Standard with each
Project. These services will be provided After Receipt of Order. Engineering
Requirements other than that list below will be quoted by Alemite at standard rates.

Equipment Drawings and Documentation Provided.


Oil Mist Generator (OMG)
 Dimensional Out Line Drawings
 Process and Instrument Diagram (P&ID)
 Electrical Schematic Diagram
 Piping Interconnection Size & Location
 Instrument Data Sheets
 Noise Data Sheet
 Weights
 Specify type and size of oil mist fittings.
 Operating and Instruction Manual
 

© SKF Group Slide 40 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Engineering Services

Oil Mist Generator Selection


 Oil mist generator capacity
 Sized with correct SCFM
 Select Correct Electrical Area
Classification
 Provide Utilities Data
 Instrument Air Consumption
 Electrical Power
Consumption
 Estimated Oil Consumption

© SKF Group Slide 41 Thursday, December 15, 2022


System Design & Sizing

Oil Mist System Design & Sizing


Equipment Bearing List:
 Equipment receiving oil mist lubrication listed by tag number.
 Determine correct lubrication type:
 Type of oil mist (Pure or Purge Mist)
 Determine correct mist fitting size per bearing
 Total flow required for complete system
 Select oil mist components required
 Dimensional outline drawings of oil mist components
 
Design of oil mist supply system:
 Review of customer provided plot plan to:
 Recommend oil mist header routing.
 Determine supply header size for correct oil mist flow.
 Determine correct supply header slope for maximum efficiency
 Determine that design insures proper oil mist flow to isolated equipment

© SKF Group Slide 42 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Documentation Provided

Customer provided plot plan marked to show the following:


 Recommended routing of the main supply header.
 Recommended Size and diameter of supply header pipe
 Direction of supply header slope
 Location drain-legs if required
 Location of oil mist drop pipe for each equipment  

Typical drawing of oil mist drop to show the following:


 Typical size and slope.
 Location of oil mist manifold
 Location of oil mist fittings
 Location of oil mist collection container
 Typical installation of tubing and tube fittings  

Typical drawing for oil applications as required per project.


 Pure mist installation for pumps
 Purge mist installation for pumps
 Installation for drain-leg
 Installation of oil mist accessories

© SKF Group Slide 43 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Documentation Provided

Documentation Review
 The following documentation will be reviewed only if supplied by customer
 Isometric Layout and routing of Oil Mist system.
 Isometric Bill of Material
 Piping Supports and Slope of Oil Mist Supply Header
 Location of Oil Mist Generator
 Location drain-legs
 Review of Customer 3D model at 90% completion

© SKF Group Slide 44 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Documentation Required by Customer

The following documentation to be supplied by customer in order for Alemite


to design the Oil mist system correctly.
 Equipment general outline drawings with connection sizes
 Equipment cross-section drawings showing bearing housing
and internal oil mist ports
 Equipment bearing list complete with bearing size
 Operating conditions for each equipment that is to receive oil
mist lubrication
 Horse power (HP) or (Kw)
 Speed / RPM
 Process Temperature if available

© SKF Group Slide 45 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Most Advanced Oil mist Technology in the Industry

Introduction  
The term “Carbon Shield™” is nothing more than a registered trade mark for Alemite’s
oil mist products. The Alemite Carbon Shield™ oil mist products have been in service
for over 30 years, in a wide range of global locations including the Middle East
Countries such as Saudi, UAE and Bahrain. The mechanical function is still the same
highly reliable technology that Alemite is known for. In early 2008 Alemite improved the
monitoring parameters by replacing the old "Amot” brand controller which had limited
capabilities to a modern day Siemens PLC with a Siemens HMI color screen. The
Siemens PLC is able to monitor all the perimeters required in today's oil mist
specifications. The Siemens PLC does not require any outside wiring. All wiring and
programming is performed inside the Oil mist Generator, therefore it is a self serving
component for the Oil Mist generator and does not need the client’s DCS to operate.
There is how ever an option for Mod Bus if the client elects to monitor the Oil Mist
Generator from the DCS. Carbon Shield™ oil mist systems are a proven technology
that delivers both savings as well as environmental benefits to the refining and
petrochemical industry.

© SKF Group Slide 46 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Alemite Advantages over Competition

ADVANCED OIL MIST DENSITY MONITORING TECHNOLOGY


 The Carbon Shield™ Oil mist Generator uses an advanced technology to monitor the mist density. 
The use of a standard Siemens PLC does not require a “Mist Monitor”. The Alemite Carbon Shield™
Technology has a much more accurate oil mist monitoring capability. 
This technology is an integral part of the Oil mist Generator. The Carbon Shield™ oil mist generator
uses a proactive approach to control and monitor the parameters that can potentially affect the oil
mist production 
All the parameters that can affect mist density are constantly being monitored thru the 40-20mA
sensors and thermocouples onboard the Carbon Shield ™ oil mist generator.  
The oil mist generator is equipped with sensors that monitor the oil level, oil temperature, mist
pressure, air temperature and oil flow. 
In the event that any of these parameters change outside the set point range that has been
established during the start-up and commissioning of the oil mist generator (performed by an
authorized Alemite representative) will signal an alarm. The alarm will be displayed by the HMI telling
the user of the potential cause and consequences (i.e. oil consumption and mist density will
change).  
The Carbon Shield™ technology does not “wait “for a device downstream to detect a change in the
ratio of oil & oil mixture (i.e. mist density) like other oil mist generators. The Carbon Shield™
technology uses a proactive approach not only to control and monitor the oil mist density but, also
maintaining this through all the functions and features of the PLC.

© SKF Group Slide 47 Thursday, December 15, 2022


Electrical Classifications

NEC,UL
Stainless steel cabinet construction, UL Listed designed for Class I, Div 2, Group B, C,
and D, T4 hazardous environment.

ATEX 94/9/EC
Stainless steel cabinet construction, ATEX Listed designed for, Class I Zone 2 Ex nC IIB
+H T4 hazardous environment.

© SKF Group Slide 48 Thursday, December 15, 2022


© SKF Group Slide 49 Thursday, December 15, 2022

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