Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering Manage-
ment
Motivating
Employees
MOTIVATION
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. What is motivation?
2. Compare and contrast the:
● early theories of motivation
● contemporary theories of motivation
3. Discuss current issues in motivation
4. Some suggestions for motivating employees
MOTIVATION
What is Motivation?
- the processes that account for an individual’s
willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach
organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s
ability to satisfy some individual need.
- refers to the process by which a person’s efforts
are energized, directed, and sustained toward
attaining a goal.
- Motivation works best when individual needs are
compatible with organizational goals.
MOTIVATION
- Three (3) elements in the definition:
● Effort: a measure of intensity or drive
● Direction: toward organizational goals
● Need: personalized reason to exert effort
(persistence – putting forth effort to
achieve the goals)
MOTIVATION
Source: Abraham H. Maslow, Robert D. Frager, Robert D., and James Fadiman,
Motivation and Personality, 3rd Edition, © 1987. Adapted by permission of
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
EARLY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Five Human Needs:
1. Physiological - food, drink, shelter, sex, and other
physical requirements
2. Safety - security & protection from physical and
emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical
needs will continue to be met
3. Social - affection, belongingness, acceptance, and
friendship.
4. Esteem – internal esteem factors such as self-
respect, autonomy, achievement & external esteem
factors such as status, recognition, & attention.
5. Self-actualization - growth, achieving one’s potential,
self-fulfillment; the drive to become what one is ca-
pable of becoming.
EARLY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION:
Contrasting Views of
Satisfaction–Dissatisfaction
2. Cross-cultural Consistencies
- Interesting work is widely desired, as is
growth, achievement, and responsibility.
3. Motivating Unique Groups of Workers
- Motivating a diverse workforce through
flexibility.
● Men desire more autonomy than do women
● Women desire learning opportunities, flexible work
schedules, and good interpersonal relations
CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION
Snapshots of Cultural Differences in Motivation
(According to Studies):
CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION
4. Flexible Work/Job Schedules
- Compressed workweek
● Longer daily hours, but fewer days
- Flexible work hours (flextime)
● Specific weekly hours with varying arrival,
departure, lunch/break times around certain core
hours during which all employees must be present
- Job Sharing
● Two or more people split a full-time job
- Telecommuting
● Employees work from home using computer
links
CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION
5. Motivating Professionals
- Characteristics of professionals
● Strong and long-term commitment to their
field of expertise
● Loyalty is to their profession, not to the
employer
● Have the need to regularly update their
knowledge
● Don’t define their workweek as 8:00 am
to 5:00 pm
- Motivators for professionals
● Job challenge
● Organizational support of their work
CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION
6. Motivating in a Unionized Environment
- Unionized workplaces provide challenges to
motivation theories
- Unions worry that differential pay for doing
similar work can hurt cooperation
7. Motivating in the Public Sector
- Productivity is more difficult to measure because
the work carried out is often of a service nature
- Harder to make link between rewards and
productivity
- Research suggests that setting goals significantly
improves motivation of public sector employees
CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION
8. Motivating Contingent Workers
- Opportunity to become a permanent employee
- Opportunity for training
- Equity in compensation and benefits
9. Motivating Low-Skilled, Minimum-Wage Em-
ployees
- Employee recognition programs
- Provision of sincere praise
CURRENT ISSUES IN MOTIVATION