STATISTIKA BISNIS DASAR

Prof. Dr. Tanti Handriana, S.E.,M.Si.

Dr. Yetty Dwi Lestari, S.E., MT.
 Introduction &
Descriptive Statistics
 Referensi
• Douglas Lind, William Marchal & Samuel Wathen: Statistical
Techniques in Business & Economics
• Joseph F. Hair Jr., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, & Rolph E.
Anderson: Multivariate Data Analysis
What is Statistics?
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical
data to assist in making more effective decisions.

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 Who Uses Statistics?

Statistical techniques are used extensively by

marketer, accountant, quality control, consumers,
professional sports people, hospital
administrators, educators, politicians, physicians,
etc...

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 Types of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics - metode pengorganisasian,
perangkuman, dan penyajian data secara informatif
EXAMPLE: Menurut Consumer Reports, pemilik mesin cuci
General Electric melaporkan 3 masalah per 100 mesin cuci
selama tahun 2018.
2. Inferential Statistics: A decision, estimate, prediction, or
generalization about a population, based on a sample.

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 Population versus Sample
A population adalah keseluruhan dari objek, atau individu-individu,
atau satuan-satuan yang karakteristiknya akan diteliti.
A sample is a portion, or part, of the population of interest

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 Types of Variables
A. Qualitative variable - the characteristic being studied is
nonnumeric.
EXAMPLES: Gender, religious affiliation, type of automobile owned, state of
birth, eye color, etc.
B. Quantitative variable - information is reported numerically.
EXAMPLES: number of children in a family, salary, number of car owned, etc.

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 Quantitative Variables - Classifications
Quantitative variables can be classified as either discrete or
continuous.
A. Discrete variables: can only assume certain values
EXAMPLE: the number of bedrooms in a house, or the number of books
sold at book store (1,2,3,…,etc).
B. Continuous variable can assume any value within a specified
range.
EXAMPLE: The pressure in a tire, baby's weight, or the height of students
in a class.

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Summary of Types of Variables

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 Four Scales (Scale) of Measurement
Nominal - hanya digunakan untuk
memberikan kategori saja, tidak memiliki
tingkatan tertentu
EXAMPLES: eye color, gender, religious
affiliation.
Ordinal – skala ini tidak hanya menunjukkan
kategori saja tetapi juga menunjukkan
peringkat. Tidak dapat dioperasiokan
secara matematis
EXAMPLE: very satisfied = 5, satisfied = 4,
neutral = 3, not satisfied, very dissatisfied.
Interval – dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan
peringkat untuk antar tingkatan. Dapat
dioperasikan secara matematis. Tidak
memiliki nilai 0 (nol) mutlak
EXAMPLE: Temperature, new year
Ratio - merupakan tingkatan skala paling tinggi
dan paling lengkap dibanding skala-skala
lainnya. Dapat dioperasikan secara
matematis. Memiliki nilai 0 (nol) mutlak
EXAMPLES: Monthly income of surgeons, or
distance traveled by manufacturer’s
representatives per month.
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Summary of the Characteristics for Levels (Scale) of Measurement
Statistik Deskriptif
Statistik Deskriptif……..
……….hanya mendeskripsikan kondisi dari data yang sudah ada, serta
menyajikannya dalam bentuk tabel, diagram, grafik, dan bentuk lainnya.
……….memberikan informasi hanya mengenai data yang dipunyai, dan
tidak digunakan untuk menarik simpulan (iferensi) apapun terkait data
tersebut.
……….membantu menyederhanakan data dalam jumlah besar dengan cara
yang logis. Data yang banyak direduksi dan diringkas sehingga lebih
sederhana dan lebih mudah diinterpretasi.
Statistik Deskriptif……………….
1. Penyajian data dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik
2. Penyajian Data Numerik
Penyajian Data Dalam Bentuk Tabel
• Distribusi Frekuensi
Penyajian Data Dalam Bentuk Grafis
Histogram :
Histogram merupakan grafik dari distribusi frekuensi suatu
variabel/data. Sumbu X (absis) & sumbu Y (ordinat). Lebar
balok merupakan jarak dari batas kelas interval, & tinggi balok
menunjukkan besarnya frekuensi.
Penyajian Data Dalam Bentuk Grafis
Pie Chart 
• Pie Chart merupakan sebuah lingkaran yang dibagi menjadi
beberapa sektor. Tiap sektor dapat menyatakan besarnya
presentase atau bagian untuk masing-masing kelompok.
Penyajian Data Dalam Bentuk Grafis
Poligon
• Poligon merupakan grafik dari distribusi frekuensi dari suatu
variabel/data. Grafik ini diperoleh dengan cara
menghubungkan puncak masing – masing nilai tengah kelas.
Penyajian Data Dalam Bentuk Grafis
Ogive
• Ogive merupakan bentuk gambar dari distribusi frekuensi
kumulatif suatu variabel/data.
Penyajian Data Dalam Bentuk Grafis
Diagram Batang & Daun (Stem and Leaf)
• Stem and Leaf diagram menampilkan bilangan sebagai batang
dan di sebelah kananya dicantumkan bilangan sisanya
Listed in Table 4–1 is the number of 30-second radio advertising
spots purchased by each of the 45 members of the Greater
Buffalo Automobile Dealers Association last year. Organize the
data into a stem-and-leaf display. Around what values do the
number of advertising spots tend to cluster? What is the fewest
number of spots purchased by a dealer? The largest number
purchased?
2. Penyajian Data Numerik
• Central Tredency
• Dispersion
• Fractile
• Skewness
• Kurtosis
Central Tendency
• Mean
The measure of center obtained by adding the values and dividing the
total by the number of values
Central Tendency
• Median
The Midpoint of the values after
they have been ordered from the
smallest to largest, or the largest to
the smallest.
Central Tendency
• Mode
The value of the observation
that appears most frequently
 Mode - Examples

a. 5.40 1.10 0.42 0.73 0.48 1.10

Mode is 1.10
b. 27 27 27 55 55 55 88 88 99
Bimodal - 27 & 55
c. 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10
No Mode
Dispersion
• Range
The range of a set of data values is the difference between the
maximum data value and the minimum data value.
= Largest value – Smallest value
• Midrange
the value midway between the maximum maximumand
value +minimum
minimum value values
Midrange =
in the original data set 2
Dispersion
• Mean Deviation
The arithmetic mean of the
absolute values of the deviations
form the arithmetic mean.
Dispersion
• Variance & Deviation Standard
Variance:  jumlah kuadrat semua deviasi nilai2 individual terhadap rata2 kelompok.
Standard Deviation = the square root of the variance
 Empirical (or 68-95-99.7) Rule
For data sets having a distribution that is approximately bell
shaped, the following properties apply:
 About 68% of all values fall within 1 standard deviation of the
mean.
 About 95% of all values fall within 2 standard deviations of the
mean.
 About 99.7% of all values fall within 3 standard deviations of the
mean.
The Empirical Rule
The Empirical Rule
The Empirical Rule
Fractile
• Cara-cara alternatif untuk menggambarkan penyebaran data
termasuk menentukan lokasi nilai-nilai yang membagi satu set
pengamatan menjadi bagian yang sama. These measures
include quartiles, deciles, and percentiles
 Quartiles
Are measures of location, denoted Q1, Q2, and Q3, which divide a set of
data into four groups with about 25% of the values in each group.
Q (First Quartile) separates the bottom 25% of sorted values from
1
the top 75%.
 Q (Second Quartile) same as the median; separates the bottom 50%
2
of sorted values from the top 50%.
 Q (Third Quartile) separates the bottom 75% of sorted values from
3
the top 25%.
 Quartiles

Q1, Q2, Q3
divide ranked scores into four equal parts

25% 25% 25% 25%

(minimum)
Q1 Q2 Q3 (maximum)

(median)

Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Percentile - Example
Listed below are the commissions earned last month by a sample of 15 brokers at
Salomon Smith Barney’s Oakland, California, office. Salomon Smith Barney is an
investment company with offices located throughout the United States.

$2,038 $1,758 $1,721 $1,637

$2,097 $2,047 $2,205 $1,787
$2,287 $1,940 $2,311 $2,054
$2,406 $1,471 $1,460

Locate the median, the first quartile, and the third quartile for the commissions
earned.

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 Percentiles – Example (cont.)
Step 1: Organize the data from lowest to largest value

$1,460 $1,471 $1,637 $1,721

$1,758 $1,787 $1,940 $2,038
$2,047 $2,054 $2,097 $2,205
$2,287 $2,311 $2,406

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 Percentiles – Example (cont.)
Step 2: Compute the first and third quartiles. Locate L25 and L75
using:

25 75
L25  (15  1) 4 L75  (15  1)  12
100 100
Therefore, the first and third quartiles are the 4th and 12th
observation in the array, respectively
L25  $1,721
L75  $2,205
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Skewness
• In Chapter 3, measures of central location for a set of observations (the mean,
median, and mode) and measures of data dispersion (e.g. range and the standard
deviation) were introduced
• Another characteristic of a set of data is the shape.
• There are four shapes commonly observed:
– symmetric,
– positively skewed,
– negatively skewed.

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Skewness
The coefficient of skewness can range from -3 up to 3.
– A value near -3, such as -2.57, indicates considerable negative skewness.
– A value such as 1.63 indicates moderate positive skewness.
– A value of 0, which will occur when the mean and median are equal, indicates
the distribution is symmetrical and that there is no skewness present.

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Skewness – An Example

• Following are the earnings per share for a sample of 15 software companies for
the year 2005. The earnings per share are arranged from smallest to largest.

• Compute the mean, median, and standard deviation. Find the coefficient of
skewness using Pearson’s estimate. What is your conclusion regarding the shape
of the distribution?

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Skewness – An Example Using Pearson’s Coefficient

X
 X $74.26
  $4.95
n 15

s

 X X 
2


($0.09  $4.95) 2  ...  ($16.40  $4.95) 2 )
 $5.22
n 1 15  1
3( X  Median) 3($4.95  $3.18)
sk    1.017
s $5.22
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Curtosis