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Lcdf3 Chap 01
Lcdf3 Chap 01
Chapter 1 – Digital
Computers and Information
Chapter 1 2
Digital System
Discrete Discrete
Inputs Information
Processing Discrete
System Outputs
System State
Chapter 1 3
Types of Digital Systems
No state present
• Combinational Logic System
• Output = Function(Input)
State present
• State updated at discrete times
=> Synchronous Sequential System
• State updated at any time
=>Asynchronous Sequential System
• State = Function (State, Input)
• Output = Function (State)
or Function (State, Input)
Chapter 1 4
Digital System Example:
Count Up
Reset 0 0 1 3 5 6 4
Synchronous or Asynchronous?
Chapter 1 5
A Digital Computer Example
Memory
Control
CPU unit Datapath
Inputs:
Outputs: CRT,
Keyboard,
LCD, modem,
mouse, modem, Input/Output
speakers
microphone
Synchronous or
Asynchronous?
Chapter 1 6
Signal
Chapter 1 7
Signal Examples Over Time
Time
Continuous in
value & time
Analog
Digital Discrete in
value &
Asynchronous continuous in
time
Discrete in
Synchronous
value & time
Chapter 1 8
Signal Example – Physical Quantity: Voltage
OUTPUT INPUT
5.0
HIGH HIGH
4.0
3.0
Threshold
2.0 Region
1.0
LOW LOW
0.0
Volts
Chapter 1 9
Binary Values: Other Physical Quantities
Chapter 1
Number Systems – Representation
r r
i=n-1 j=-1
(Number)r = i j
Ai Aj
i=0 j=-m
(Integer Portion) + (Fraction Portion)
Chapter 1
Number Systems – Examples
Chapter 1
Positive Powers of 2
Chapter 1
Converting Decimal to Binary
Method 1
• Subtract the largest power of 2 (see slide 14) that gives a
positive remainder and record the power.
• Repeat, subtracting from the prior remainder and recording
the power, until the remainder is zero.
• Place 1’s in the positions in the binary result corresponding
to the powers recorded; in all other positions place 0’s.
Example: Convert 62510 to N2
Chapter 1
Commonly Occurring Bases
Chapter 1
Numbers in Different Bases
Method 2
To convert from one base to another:
1) Convert the Integer Part
2) Convert the Fraction Part
3) Join the two results with a radix point
Chapter 1
Conversion Details
Convert 46 to Base 2
Chapter 1
Why Do Repeated Division and
Multiplication Work?
Divide the integer portion of the power series on
slide 11 by radix r. The remainder of this division
is A0, represented by the term A0/r.
Discard the remainder and repeat, obtaining
remainders A1, …
Multiply the fractional portion of the power series
on slide 11 by radix r. The integer part of the
product is A-1.
Discard the integer part and repeat, obtaining
integer parts A-2, …
This demonstrates the algorithm for any radix r
>1.
Chapter 1
Octal (Hexadecimal) to Binary and
Back
Octal (Hexadecimal) to Binary:
• Restate the octal (hexadecimal) as three
(four) binary digits starting at the radix
point and going both ways.
Binary to Octal (Hexadecimal):
• Group the binary digits into three (four) bit
groups starting at the radix point and going
both ways, padding with zeros as needed in
the fractional part.
• Convert each group of three bits to an octal
(hexadecimal) digit.
Chapter 1
Octal to Hexadecimal via Binary
Chapter 1
Binary Numbers and Binary Coding
Flexibility of representation
• Within constraints below, can assign any binary
combination (called a code word) to any data as long
as data is uniquely encoded.
Information Types
• Numeric
Must represent range of data needed
Very desirable to represent data such that simple,
straightforward computation for common arithmetic
operations permitted
Tight relation to binary numbers
• Non-numeric
Greater flexibility since arithmetic operations not applied.
Not tied to binary numbers
Chapter 1
Non-numeric Binary Codes
Chapter 1
Number of Bits Required
There are over 8,000 ways that you can chose 10 elements
from the 16 binary numbers of 4 bits. A few are useful:
Chapter 1
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
Chapter 1
Excess 3 Code and 8, 4, –2, –1 Code
Chapter 1
Gray Code (Continued)
G2
G1
111 G0
101 010 011
Is this a problem?
Chapter 1
Gray Code (Continued)
Is this a problem?
Chapter 1
Binary Arithmetic
Chapter 1
Single Bit Binary Addition with Carry
Carry in (Z) of 1: Z 1 1 1 1
X 0 0 1 1
+Y +0 +1 +0 +1
CS 01 10 10 11
Chapter 1
Multiple Bit Binary Addition
Chapter 1
Single Bit Binary Subtraction with Borrow
Given two binary digits (X,Y), a borrow in (Z) we
get the following difference (S) and borrow (B):
Borrow in (Z) of 0: Z
0 0 0 0
X 0 0 1 1
-Y -0 -1 -0 -1
BS 00 11 01 00
Borrow in (Z) of 1: Z
1
1
1
1
X 0 0 1 1
-Y -0 -1 -0 -1
BS 11 10 00 11
Chapter 1
Multiple Bit Binary Subtraction
Chapter 1
Binary Multiplication
Chapter 1
Error-Detection Codes
Chapter 1
ASCII Properties
Chapter 1
UNICODE
Chapter 1
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including the copyright watermark on each slide.
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Chapter 1