PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC

CSE 2213 – Discrete Mathematics

Course teacher: Muntaka Ibnath

25/6/2022 MUNTAKA@CSE.UIU.AC.BD
CONDITIONAL
PROPOSITIONS

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 If today is Friday, then elephants fly in the sky.
Is this statement true?

It is true
everyday
I don’t know. Is it? except Friday.

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CONSIDER THIS SENTENCE
If it rains, I will stay home.

WHEN IS THIS SENTENCE TRUE?

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY HOME

The sentence is true if it is raining, and you are staying home.

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WHAT IF IT DOESN’T
RAIN?

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY HOME
If it does not rain, you might still stay home
(probably because you are sick)

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY HOME
The sentence does not say anything about what if it does not rain
So if it does not rain, we can say you have not broken any condition
So if it does not rain, the sentence is true whether you stay home or not

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SO WHEN IS THIS
SENTENCE FALSE?

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IF IT RAINS, I WILL STAY HOME

The sentence is false if it rains,

and you go out anyway

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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
 
p q p →q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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SUFFICIENT CONDITION
 

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NOW TELL ME AGAIN …
If today is Friday, elephants fly in the sky.
Is this statement true?

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NOW CONSIDER THIS
SENTENCE
You will pass only if you study.

WHEN IS THIS SENTENCE TRUE?

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YOU WILL PASS ONLY IF YOU
STUDY

The sentence is true if you study, and you pass

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WHAT IF YOU DON’T STUDY?

YOU FAIL
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WHAT IF YOU DON’T
PASS?

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YOU WILL PASS ONLY IF YOU
STUDY

You may not pass even if you have studied

(probably because you became sick)
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YOU WILL PASS ONLY IF YOU
STUDY
Even though you have studied, you may not pass for a variety of reasons
So if you do not pass, that does not violate any condition
So if you do not pass, the sentence is true whether you have studied or not

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NECESSARY CONDITION
Note that while you may fail for any possible reason, you must study in order to pass
In another word, in order to pass, it is necessary that you study

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NECESSARY CONDITION

p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

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NECESSARY CONDITION AND
SUFFICIENT CONDITION
 

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 দুইটা জিনিস মনে রাখবেন

If clause is the sufficient condition.

Only if clause is the necessary condition.
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OKAY, NOW CONSIDER THIS
SENTENCE
You can take the train if and only if you buy ticket.

WHEN IS THIS SENTENCE TRUE?

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YOU CAN TAKE THE TRAIN IF
AND ONLY IF YOU BUY TICKET
If you have a ticket, and you take the train

OR
If you don’t have a ticket, and the TTE throws you
out

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WHEN IS THIS SENTENCE
FALSE?

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YOU CAN TAKE THE TRAIN IF
AND ONLY IF YOU BUY TICKET
If you have a ticket, and the TTE still refuses to
take you

OR
If you don’t have a ticket, and you take the train
anyway

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BICONDITIONAL STATEMENT
 
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

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CONVERSE, CONTRAPOSITIVE
AND INVERSE
If it rains, I will stay home.  
Converse: If I stay home, it is raining.
Contrapositive: If I do not stay home, it is not raining.
Inverse: If it does not rain, I will not stay home.
Which of these are equivalent?

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Practice
1. If two angles are congruent, then they have the same measure.

2. If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it has two pairs of parallel sides.

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Solution
Example 1 Example 2

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PROBLEM
  You get an A in this class, but you do
not do every exercise in this book.

You get an A on the final, you do every

exercise in this book, and you get an A
in this class.

To get an A in this class, it is necessary

for you to get an A on the final.

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PROBLEM
  You get an A on the final, but you don’t
do every exercise in this book;
nevertheless, you get an A in this class.

Getting an A on the final and doing

every exercise in this book is sufficient
for getting an A in this class.

You will get an A in this class if and

only if you either do every exercise in
this book or you get an A on the final.

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