JENNY ROSE S. AGUILA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Course Instructor
 Lesson 2.3:
Four Basic Concepts
LOGIC AND FORMALITY
 According to Aristotle,
logic is defined as
“the science of correct reasoning”.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
It occurs once in a minute,
twice in a moment, but
never in an hour.

The letter M
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
Is it correct to say "the yolk
of eggs is white" or "the yolk
of eggs are white"?
Neither, the yolk of eggs are yellow.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
There are 4 floors in the hotel. The
higher the floor, the more people
live there. Which floor does the
elevator go to most often?

1st floor
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
Recall the different types of
sentences.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
Directions: Classify each sentence as declarative,
imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.
1. Admit your fault.
2. Ouch! I cut my finger.
3. Today is Friday.
4. Rodrigo Duterte is the 17th president of the
Philippines.
5. San ka punta?

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
A statement is a declarative
sentence that is either true
or false, but not both true
and false.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
Directions: Determine whether the following sentences
are statements or not a statement. If it is a statement,
give its truth value.
1. Please close the door.
2. 144 is a perfect square.
3. The equation 𝑥 + 1 = 0 has real solutions.
2

4. Is the traffic heavy along JP Laurel Highway?

5. If the triangle has right angle, then the triangle
is called a right triangle.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 TWO KINDS OF STATEMENT

A simple statement is a statement that

conveys a single idea.
A compound statement is a statement
that conveys two or more ideas.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
Type of Statement Symbol Connective/s

Conjunction ⋀ and

Disjunction ⋁ Either … or

Negation ∼ not/ It is not the case

Conditional → If . . . Then

Biconditional ↔ if and only if

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
Let A be the proposition “I will play badminton.”
Let Bbe the proposition “I will go to school.”

1. 𝐴˅𝐵 6. ~𝐵
2. 𝐵˅𝐴 7. 𝐴 → 𝐵
3. 𝐴˄𝐵 8. 𝐵 → 𝐴
4. 𝐵˄𝐴 9. 𝐴 ↔ 𝐵
5. ~𝐴 10.𝐵 ↔ 𝐴
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 Let 𝒑 be the proposition “Mathematics is difficult.”
Let 𝒒 be the proposition “English is interesting.”
1. Mathematics is not difficult, and English is
interesting.
2. It is false that English is interesting.
3. If English is interesting, then Mathematics is not
difficult.
4. Either Mathematics is difficult or English is interesting.
5. Mathematics is not difficult if and only if English is
interesting.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 RULES OF GROUPING A COMPOUND SENTENCE
1.In symbolic form, the parentheses are
used to indicate the simple statements
that are being grouped.
2.In sentence form, a comma is used to
indicate which simple statements are
grouped. That is, statements of the same
side and a comma are grouped.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 𝒑: John’s playing style is the same as Lebron’s.
q: Hazel has straight hair.
r: John is a basketball player.

a. Write the symbolic form as an English sentence.

(𝒑 ∧ 𝒒) → 𝒓

b. Write in symbolic form the given statement below.

If John is not a basketball player or Hazel has straight hair,
then John’s playing style is not the same as Lebron’s.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
 “You always have choices in life. You
can turn negativity into positive one like
negation. Always look for the brighter
side of your life and live happily”

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II