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By the mid-1990s, the introduction of web browsers such as Netscape Navigator ushered in the era of Web 1.0.
This was the age of static webpages retrieved from servers—a far cry from the slick content that is taken for granted
today. Most internet users at that time were delighted by the novelty of features such as email and real-time news
retrieval. Content creation was still in its infancy, and users had little opportunity for interactive applications, although
this improved as online banking and trading became increasingly popular.
Web 2.0 describes the current state of the internet, which has more user-generated content and usability for end-users
compared to its earlier incarnation, Web 1.0. In general, Web 2.0 refers to the 21st-century Internet applications that
have transformed the digital era in the aftermath of the dotcom bubble.
Web 3.0 represents the next iteration or phase of the evolution of the web/internet and potentially could be as
disruptive and represent as big a paradigm shift as Web 2.0 did. Web 3.0 is built upon the core concepts of
decentralization, openness, and greater user utility.
FEATURES OF WEB 3.0
Decentralization: This is a core tenet of Web 3.0. In Web 2.0, computers use HTTP in
the form of unique web addresses to find information, which is stored at a fixed
location, generally on a single server. With Web 3.0, because information would be
found based on its content, it could be stored in multiple locations simultaneously and
hence be decentralized. This would break down the massive databases currently held
by internet giants like Meta and Google and would hand greater control to users.
• Trustless and permissionless: In addition to decentralization and being based upon open source software, Web
3.0 will also be trustless (i.e., the network will allow participants to interact directly without going through a
trusted intermediary) and permissionless (meaning that anyone can participate without authorization from a
governing body). As a result, Web 3.0 applications will run on blockchains or decentralized peer-to-peer
networks, or a combination thereof—such decentralized apps are referred to as dApps
• Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning: In Web 3.0, computers will be able to understand information
similarly to humans, through technologies based upon Semantic Web concepts and natural language
processing. Web 3.0 will also use machine learning, which is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses
data and algorithms to imitate how humans learn, gradually improving its accuracy. These capabilities will
enable computers to produce faster and more relevant results in a host of areas like drug development and
new materials, as opposed to merely targeted advertising that forms the bulk of current efforts.
• Connectivity and ubiquity: With Web 3.0, information and content are more connected and ubiquitous,
accessed by multiple applications and with an increasing number of everyday devices connected to the web—
one example of which is the Internet of Things..
LAYERS OF WEB 3.0
Edge Computing - While web 2.0 changed currently commoditized personal computer
technology in data centers, web 3.0 pushes the data center out to the edge (i.e. edge
computing) and into our hands.
Decentralized Data Network - Users will own their data on web 3.0 since data is
decentralized. Different data generators can sell or share their data without losing ownership
or relying on intermediaries using decentralized data networks.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning - Artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms have advanced to the level that they can now make useful and occasionally life-
saving predictions and acts.
As a result, web 3.0 will hasten the fair and transparent use of user data, ranging from
personalized search results to cross-platform development tools and 3D graphics. The
internet will become more immersive and engaging in the next years.
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