THE GERUND

What is Gerund?
A gerund is a noun made from a verb by
adding "-ing.“
A gerund is based on a verb. It shows action
or a state of being. 
Functions of gerund in the sentence

 The subject : Hunting tigers is dangerous.

 An object : Please, avoid making such

mistakes.
 An attribute : All liked the idea of going to

the country.
 An adverbial modifier : On the entering

the room he came up to me

 The gerund is used :
 As a noun e.g. Skiing is fun and exciting
 After prepositions e.g. He makes a living by working as a
car mechanic
 After certain verbs( avoid, appreciate, deny, discuss,
forgive, explain, prevent, recall, suggest, understand etc.)
e.g. She denied lying to him
 After : detest, dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love prefer to
express general preference
 e.g. He loves reading books
 After : look forward to, admit(to), object to, what about…?
 Forms of gerund
Present gerund Perfect gerund
Verb+ing Having+V3
 refers to the present  show that action of the –
ing form has happened
or future
before the action of the
e.g She loves going to main verb
the theater e.g. He is very proud
of having passed all the
exams.
 THE GERUND AFTER PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs are composed of a verb + preposition or

adverb.
e.g. When will you give up smoking?

There are some phrasal verbs that include the word "to" as a
preposition for example to look forward to, to take to, to be
accustomed to, to get around to, & to be used to. 

 It is important to recognise that the word "to" is a preposition

in these cases because it must be followed by a gerund.
e.g. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
 
THE GERUND AFTER SOME EXPRESSIONS

The gerund is necessary after the

expressions can't help, can't stand, to be worth,
& it's no use.
Examples
 She couldn't help falling in love with him.

 I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.

 It's no use trying to escape.