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Gerunds and
Infinitives
Verb
Finite Verb Non Finite Verb
Finite Verb:
A verb which is used according to the
subject and tense.
Examples:
I want to go to school.
Hungama wants to go to school.
They wanted to go to the school.
Gerunds
Infinitives
Verbals
Gerund
Examples:
Meena enjoys watching TV.
G. verb Gerund
G. phrase
Functions of gerund
As the subject
I enjoy swimming.
Object of verb
Example:
To play cricket is interesting.
I made Ali wash the car.
He can drive a car.
Functions of Infinitives
1. As a subject of a verb.
To play is fun.
To swim is a good exercise.
2. As an object of a verb.
She likes to swim.
I want to teach.
3. As an object of preposition (rare)
He is about to go.
He is about to die.
I prefer to drink coffee than to eat pizza.
Identify the functions of infinitive
He wants to apply for a job.
He decided to resign from his job.
To earn money is hard.
I intended to buy a house.
To swim is fun.
I pretended to be sick.
He is about to fly to US.
Kinds of Infinitives
Absolute Infinitive
Bare Infinitive
Split Infinitive
Abridged Infinitive
Absolute Infinitive
Examples:
To save money is difficult now.
To study English is easy.
Bare Infinitive
Examples:
I make him study hard.
Split Infinitive
Examples:
She wants to slowly talk on the phone.
I like to quickly tell the truth.
Abridged Infinitive
Example:
Do you want to play soccer?
I would like to (play).
Verbs+infinitive
Examples:
I began teaching.
I began to teach.
I was beginning to teach.
Verbs+ gerund (With different
meaning)
Verbs+infinitive
List of Adjective+infinitive
Glad, happy, pleased, delighted, content,
relieved, lucky, fortunate, sorry, sad, upset,
disappointed, proud, ashamed, ready,
prepared, anxious, eager, willing, motivated,
determined, careful, hesitant, reluctant, afraid,
surprised, amazed, astonished, shocked,
stunned.
Infinitives with too and enough
Examples:
The weather is too hot to play soccer.
The weather is very hot, but we can play soccer.
Examples:
He wants to play soccer.
Rubina refuses to call me again.
2.Present Passive Infinitive
Examples:
Abdullah wants to be taught.
Baqi doesn’t want to be annoyed.
3.Past Active Infinitive
Examples:
Jasmine decided to have studied English.
They needed to have stolen money.
4. Past Passive Infinitive
Examples:
Meena managed to have been helped.
She is happy to have been written a letter.
5.Present Active Gerund
Examples:
Shakila finishes writing a letter.
She postpones visiting her friend.
6.Present Passive Gerund
Examples:
Arzoo minds being teased in the class.
Karim enjoyed being watched by his friend.
7.Past Active Gerund
Examples:
Hungama appreciates having gone to Pakistan.
Wali disliked having studied.
8.Past Passive Gerund
Examples:
I appreciated having been given the chance.
They deny having been taken away.
Using Gerund or Passive Infinitive
following “Need”
She needs to buy a car.
Example:
I saw Rubina cooking rice.
Common Verbs of perception/sense Verbs
See
Notice
Watch
Look at
Observe
Hear
Listen
Feel
Smell
Causative Verb
Causative verbs are verbs the subject of
which doesn’t perform the activity, but it
causes the object to do it.
Examples:
Ali makes Laila wash the car.
Arzoo made Dilroba write a letter.
Example:
Karim had Wali bring a chair.
Example:
I will let her come in.
Get: To persuade, to encourage someone
to do something. It is followed by Full
Infinitive.
Examples:
Yasmine will help Hungama write HW.
Shabnam helps Karim to cook rice.
Special Expression followed by the
-ing form of a verb
Have fun+
Have a good time
Examples:
Ali spends twenty rupees watching TV.
Karim wastes two hours walking on the road.
Sit/ Stand/ Lie+ expression of place+ gerund
Examples:
Rubina sits on the mattress reciting the Holy Quran.
Karim stood in the class calling Karima.
Wakeel lies in the bed writing messages.