GROUP 5:

CHRISTINA DAMAYANTI
DINDA RIZKA UTAMI
DWI RIDHONIA AGUSTIN
LAILATUL QOMARIYAH
MARNI
 GERUND:INTRODUCTION
 Gerund is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun
 A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun (as a subject or as an
object)
Example :
S V
Playing tennis is fun.
(Playing is a gerund. It is used as the subject of the sentence. Playing
tennis is a gerund phrase.)
S V O
We enjoy playing tennis.
(Playing is a gerund used as the object of the verb “enjoy”.)
Prep O
He’s excited about playing tennis.
(Playing is a gerund used as the object of the preposition “about”.)
 INFINITIVE:INTRODUCTION
 An infinitive= to + the simple form of a verb (to
see, to be, to go, e.t.c.,)
 Like gerunds, infinitive can also be used as the
subject of the sentence.
Example:
S V
To play tennis well takes a lot of practice.
Or as the object:
S V O
He likes to play tennis.
 GERUND AS OBJECTS OF
PREPOSITION
 A gerund frequently used as the object of preposition.
For example:
We talked about going to Iceland for our vacation.
 To is a preposition, not part of an infinitive form, so a gerund
follows.
For example:
I’m used to sleeping with the window open.
I look forward to going home next month.
 For negative form, not precedes a gerund.
For example:
We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally decided
we should go.
 Common preposition combination followed by gerunds.
be excited
About doing it
be worried

complain
dream
About / of doing it
talk
Think

Apologize
Blame someone
For give someone
For doing it
Have an excuse
Have a reason
Be responsible
Thank someone
 Be interested
Keep someone Believe in doing it
Prevent someone Participate
Prohibit someone From doing it
Succeed
Stop someone
Be tired of / from foing it doing it

Approve Count on doing it

Be accused Insist

Be afraid
Be accustumed
Be capable of doing it
In addition
Be guilty
Be commited
Be proud Be devoted to doing it
Instead Look forward
Take advantage Object
Take care Be opposed
Be used
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
 Gerunds can be used as the objects a certain verbs.
For example:
V Gerund
I enjoy + playing tennis
enjoy is followed by a gerund(playing). Enjoy is not followed by
an infinitive.
 Some phrasal verbs are followed by gerunds. A phrasal verb
consists of a verb and a particle (a small word such as a
preposition) that together have a special meaning.
For example:
Joe quit smoking.
Joe gave up smoking. (gave up means “quit”)
 Verb + Gerund

Enjoy consider
Appreciate discuss
Mind mention
Quit(give up) suggest
Finish(get through) avoid
Stop Postpone(put off)
Delay keep(keep on)
 SPECIAL EXPRESSION FOLLOWED
BY -ING
 -ing forms follow certain special expression.
have fun / a good time + -ing
have trouble / difficulty + -ing
have a hard time / a difficult time + -ing
For example:
We had fun Playing volley ball
We had a good time

I had trouble
I had difficulty Finding his house
I had a hard time
I had a difficult time
 Spend + expression of time or money + -ing
Sam spends most of his time studying.
 Waste + expression of time or money + -ing
I waste a lot of time watching Television.
 Sit + Expression of place + -ing
She sat at her desk doing homework.
 Stand + expression of place + -ing
I stood there wondering what to do next.
 Lie + expression of place + -ing
She is lying in bed reading a book.
 Find + (pro)noun + -ing
When I walked into my office, I found George using my telephone.
 Catch + (pro)noun + -ing
When I walked into my office, I cought a thief looking through my
desk drawers.
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
 Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive.
Example:
I hope to see you again soon.
He promised to be here by ten.
 Negative forms: Not precedes to infinitives
Example:
He promised not to be late.
 Common verbs followed by infinitives:
hope to ( do something) plan to decide to
promise to agree to offer to
refuse to seem to appear to
pretend to ask to want to
expect to need to would like to
 INFINITIVES WITH OBJECTS
 Verbs + object + infinitives
Some verbs are followed by a pronoun or noun object
and then an infinitives.
Example: Mr. Gavin told me to be here at ten o’clock.
The police ordered the driver to stop.
These verbs are followed immediately by an infinitives
when they are used in the passive.
Example:
I was told to be here at ten o’clock.
The driver was ordered to stop.
 Common verbs followed by noun or pronoun as
infinitives

Tell someone to advice someone to

Require someone to expect someone to
Invite someone to permit someone to
Order someone to would like someone to
Encourage someone to allow someone to
Force someone to want someone to
Remind someone to warn someone to
Ask someone to need someone to
 IT + INFINITIVES; GERUNDS AND
INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS
 Often and infinitive phrase is used with it as the subject of a
sentence. The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the
infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence.
Example :
It is difficult to learn a second language.
 A gerund phrase is frequently used as the subject of the sentence.
Example :
Learning a second language is difficult.
 An infinitive can also be used as the subject of the sentence.
Example :
To learn a second language is difficult.
 But far more commonly an infinitive phrase is used with it as in
first example.