Descriptive Statistics

Measure of Central Tendency

(stats of location/describing distribution using numbers)

Dr. Lim Jac Fang

CFM, FPSK, UMS

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Visual information

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 How do you make sense of it?
• Central Tendency – the tendency of the data
to cluster, or centre, about certain numerical
values
• Variability is the spread of the data.

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 DS
• Involves Collecting, Presenting and
Characterizing the data.
• Purpose – To describe the data.

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 MEAN MEDIAN MODE
Measures of Centre Measures of Spread
• Mean • Range
• Median • Standard Deviation
• Mode

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 MEAN (average)
• The most common statistic of location.
• It is the sum of all measurements divided by
the number of observations in the data set.
• Balance point.

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• The capital Greek sigma, Σ, simply means the
sum of the items indicated.
• The i = 1 means that the items should be
summed, starting with the first one and
ending with the nth one, as indicated by the i
= η above the Σ.

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• This formula tells us, "Sum all the (E) items
and divide the sum by n."
• The mean of a sample is the centre of gravity
of the observations in the sample.

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 Mean?
• 154
• 139
• 154
• 193
• 186
• 130
• 154
• 156
• 190
• 110
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 The median
• That value of the variable (in an ordered
array) that has an equal number of items on
either side of it.
• Thus, the median divides a frequency
distribution into two halves.
• Physical middle point.

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 Median?
• 154
• 139
• 154
• 193
• 186
• 130
• 154
• 156
• 190
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• M is …… n + 1/2
• This quantity is easily evaluated from a sample
array with an odd number of individuals.
• Medians are most often used for distributions
that do not conform to the standard
probability models.

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• Sometimes the median is a more
representative measure of location than the
arithmetic mean.
• Such instances almost always involve
asymmetric distributions.

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• The basic advantage of the median in
describing data compared to the mean (often
simply described as the "average") is that it is
not skewed so much by a small proportion of
extremely large or small values, and so it may
give a better idea of a "typical" value.
• OUTLIERS

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 Mode
• The mode refers to the most frequent value in
the data set.
• This is the only central tendency measure that
can be used with nominal data (gender,
nationality, ethnicity, language, genre, style,
biological species, and form) which have
purely qualitative category.

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 Mode?
• 154
• 139
• 154
• 193
• 186
• 130
• 154
• 156
• 190
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 Range
• R = Max – Min
• 154
• 139
• 154
• 193
• 186
• 130
• 154
• 156
• 190
• R =?

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Xi Xi - X bar (Xi - Xbar)2

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SUM E

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Xi Xi - X bar (Xi - Xbar)2

10 10 – 15.4 29.16

12 12 – 15.4 11.56

16 16 – 15.4 0.36

19 19 – 15.4 12.96

20 20 – 15.4 21.16

SUM E 75.2

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SD = 4.336

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Interpretation?

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Tqvm!

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