ANTENNA and

WAVE PROPAGATION

By
Dr. Bhupendra Singh Kirar
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhopal
ANTENNA ARRAY
 Antenna arrays:
 Concept of Antenna Arrays

 Types of Arrays

 Antenna Arrays of Point Sources

 Two Element Array

 End Fire and Broad Side Arrays

 Uniform Linear Arrays of N-elements

 Patterns and Principle of Pattern Multiplication

ANTENNA ARRAY

 Usually a single element provides wide radiation and low directivity (gain).
In many applications it is necessary to design antennas with very directive
characteristics to meet the demands of long distance communication.
 Enlarging the dimensions of single elements. Enlarging the dimensions of the
antenna, without increasing the size of the individual elements, is to form an
assembly of radiating elements in an electrical and geometrical configuration.

 An antenna array is a radiating system, which consists of individual radiators

and elements.
 An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas
which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves
 An antenna array can achieve higher gain (directivity), that is a narrower
beam of radio waves, than could be achieved by a single element.
ANTENNA ARRAY
ANTENNA ARRAY

 In an array of identical elements, there are at least five controls that can be
used to shape the overall pattern of the antenna.

 1. The geometrical configuration of the overall array (linear, circular,

rectangular, spherical, etc.)
 2. The relative displacement between the elements
 3. The excitation amplitude of the individual elements
 4. The excitation phase of the individual elements
 5. The relative pattern of the individual elements
ANTENNA ARRAY

 Advantages: The following are the advantages of using antenna arrays −

 The signal strength increases

 High directivity is obtained
 Minor lobes are reduced much
 High Signal-to-noise ratio is achieved
 High gain is obtained
 Power wastage is reduced
 Better performance is obtained
ANTENNA ARRAY

 Disadvantages: The following are the disadvantages of array antennas −

 Resistive losses are increased

 Mounting and maintenance is difficult
 Huge external space is required
ANTENNA ARRAY

 Applications: The following are the applications of array antennas −

 Used in satellite communications

 Used in wireless communications
 Used in military radar communications
 Used in the astronomical study
TYPES OF ANTENNA ARRAY

 Broad side array

 End fire array

 Collinear array

 Parasitic array
BROADSIDE ARRAY

 The Broadside array is one of the most commonly used antenna array in
practice. The array in which a number of identical parallel antennas are
arranged along a line perpendicular to the line of array axis is known as
broadside array.
 In this, the individual antennas are equally spaced along a line and each
element is fed with current of equal magnitude, all in the same phase.

 The antenna array in its simplest form, having a number of elements of equal
size, equally spaced along a straight line or axis, forming collinear points, with
all dipoles in the same phase, from the same source together form the broad
side array.
 The radiation pattern of this antenna is bi-directional and right angles to the
plane OR perpendicular to the array axis. The beam is very narrow with high
gain.
 It radiates equally well in either direction of maximum radiation.
BROADSIDE ARRAY

 Arrangement
BROADSIDE ARRAY
END FIRE ARRAY

 The array in which a number of identical antennas are spaced equally along a
line and Individual elements are fed with currents of unequal phases (i.e.,
with a phase shift of 180° or out of phase) is known as end fire array.
 This array is similar to that of broadside array except that individual elements
are fed in with a phase shift of 180.
 In this, the direction of radiation is coincides with the direction of the array
axis.
 The physical arrangement of end-fire array is same as that of the broad side
array. The magnitude of currents in each element is same, but there is a phase
difference between these currents. This induction of energy differs in each
element, which can be understood by the following diagram.

 The Radiation pattern of end-fire array is uni-directional. A major lobe occurs

at one end, where maximum radiation is present, while the minor lobes
represent the losses.
END FIRE ARRAY
END FIRE ARRAY
END FIRE ARRAY
COLLINEAR ARRAY

 The array in which antennas are arranged end to end in a single line is known
as collinear array.
 Similar to that of broadside array, the individual elements of the collinear
array are fed with equal in phase currents.
 A collinear array is a broadside radiator, in which the direction of maximum
radiation is perpendicular to the line of antenna.
 The collinear array is sometimes called as broadcast or Omni directional
arrays because its radiation pattern has circular symmetry with its main to be
everywhere perpendicular to the principal axis.
 A Collinear array consists of two or more half-wave dipoles, which are placed
end to end. These antennas are placed on a common line or axis, being parallel
or collinear.
 The maximum radiation in these arrays is broad side and perpendicular to the
line of array. These arrays are also called as broad cast or Omni-directional
arrays.
COLLINEAR ARRAY
COLLINEAR ARRAY
COLLINEAR ARRAY
COLLINEAR ARRAY
COLLINEAR ARRAY
COLLINEAR ARRAY

 The radiation pattern of these collinear arrays is similar to that of a single

dipole, but the array pattern of increasing number of dipoles, makes the
difference.
PARASITIC ARRAY

 A parasitic element is an element, which depends on other’s feed. It does not

have its own feed. Hence, in this type of arrays we employ such elements,
which help in increasing the radiation indirectly.

 These parasitic elements are not directly connected to the feed.

 The main parts are:

 Driven element

 Parasitic elements

 Reflector

 Director

 Boom
PARASITIC ARRAY

 Driven element: All the elements of the array need not be connected to the
feed. The dipole that is connected to the feed is known as a driven element.
 Parasitic Elements: The elements, which are added do not possess an
electrical connection between them to the driven element or the feed. They
are positioned so that they lie in the induction field of the driven element.
Hence, they are known as parasitic elements.
 Reflector: Bigger than the driven element, which reflects the energy in the

direction of the radiation pattern rather than its own direction and hence is
known as a reflector.
 Director: Shorter than the driven element, which tends to increase

radiation in its own direction. A number of directors are placed to increase

the directivity.
 Boom: The element on which all these are placed is called a boom. It is a
non-metallic structure which provides insulation, so that there will not be any
short circuit between the other elements of the array.
PARASITIC ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY

The most common example of this type of array is the;

Yagi-Uda antenna
PARASITIC ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY
PARASITIC ARRAY
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLE OF PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
THANK

YOU

VERY MUCH
 SLOT ANTENNAS
Illustration of Babinet’s principle
Dualof the dipole
/2 /4
(a) (b)

Same behavior than the dipole antenna but changing

the laws for E and H (therefore V and I).
By the way, inversion of impedance varaitions.

with Impedance of the slot

Impedance of the equivalent dipole

Impedance of vacuum (377 ohms)

 COMPARISON DIPOLE-SLOT

Dimensions Impedance of the dipole Impedance of the slot