Invasive Neuromonitoring

Techniques

dr Syah Reza Manefo

Departement of Neurosurgery
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran
Hasan Sadikin General Hospital
Bandung 2022
 Introduction
Invasive neuromonitoring  presenting with—or at risk for—intracranial
hypertension, defined as intracranial pressure (ICP) greater than 20 mm Hg
(Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke (associated
with malignant edema).

Additional advanced modalities for the monitoring of brain tissue oxygen tension,
microdialysis, cerebral blood flow, and jugular venous saturation can help more
comprehensive understanding of pathologic cerebral physiology and, in turn, provide
individualized treatment with targeted therapies.
 Indications
Monitoring of ICP by External Ventricular Drain or Intraparenchymal Pressure Probe

Diagnosis and treatment of intracranial hypertension

◦ An external ventricular drain (EVD) is considered the gold standard for ICP
measurement. Placement of an EVD allows both for diagnostic monitoring of ICP and
therapeutic drainage of cerebrospinal uid (CSF)

◦ An intraparenchym al pressure monitor (fiberoptic or micro strain gauge device)

allows for monitoring of ICP alone. The intraparenchymal probe may be coupled with
other neuromonitoring modalities in a multiport bolt apparatus or used in isolation
 Indications
Indications for ICP monitoring in the setting of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI)

◦ Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 8 after resuscitation, in combination with an

abnormal head computed tomography (CT; hematoma, contusions, swelling,
herniation, compressed basal cisterns) (Level II recommendation)

◦ GCS 8 after resuscitation, with a normal head CT, and associated with two or more
of the following on admission (Level III recommendation): ▪ Age . 40 years ▪
Unilateral or bilateral motor posturing ▪ Systolic blood pressure , 90 mm Hg
 Monitoring of Brain
Tissue Oxygen Tension,
Jugular Venous
Saturation, and/or
Cerebral Blood Flow
Microdialysis
Placement of the microdialysis catheter is
dictated by the specific pathology:

• Ancillary monitoring of cerebral

physiology may facilitate cerebral
perfusion pressure (CPP) management
in severe TBI with loss of
autoregulation (Level III
recommendation).
• The brain tissue oxygen tension probe
usually is placed in the less injured
cerebral hemisphere for more consistent
measurement and early detection of
secondary brain injury
1. In the right frontal lobe of patients with
difuse brain injury.
2. In the pericontusional tissue (penumbra)
in patients with a focal mass lesion; a
second probe may be placed in uninjured
or “normal” tissue for com parison.
3. In the region of the brain at risk of
vasospasm following severe subarachnoid
hem orrhage
Symptoms and Signs
State of confusion Blurred vision, abnormal taste/smell senses

Headache Mood change

Nausea, and/or vomiting Memory or concentration deficiency

Fatigue Deppression or Anxiety

Difficulty Producing Speech Pupil Dilatation

Abnormal sleeping behavior Weakness/Numbness in fingers/toes

Difficulty maintaining balance Coma and Neurologic dysfunction from cranial

nerve damage
Surgical Pathology

• Cranial benign/malignant trauma

• Cranial benign/malignant infection
• Cranial benign/malignant tumor
• Cranial benign/malignant surgical
complication
Diagnostic Modalities

o • Patient history
o • Physical examination
o • Neurological examination
o • CT of brain (detect enlarged ventricles)
o • MRI of brain (detect enlarged
ventricles)
o • Ultrasound of brain
o • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing
(predict shunt responsiveness, determine
shunt pressure)
1. Lumbar or spinal tap
2. External lumbar drainage
3. Measure CSF Outflow Resistance
 Differential Diagnosis
• Communicating hydrocephalus: CSF
can still flow between ventricles, but
gets blocked after exiting
- Resulting from subarachnoid
hemorrhage, head trauma, infection,
tumor, or surgical complication
– Normal pressure hydrocephalus
(NPH)
• Noncommunicating hydrocephalus (obstructive
hydrocephalus): CSF flow blocked along passage(s)
connecting ventricles
• Congenital hydrocephalus vs. acquired hydrocephalus
• Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo: Occurs when stroke,
degenerative diseases, or head trauma damages brain
(brain tissue shrinkage may occur)
 Treatment Options

• Surgery if deemed suitable

if Deemed
Non - Surgery Suitable
candidate
1. Determine overall prognosis and
Candidate
Karnofsky performance score
2. If poor surgical candidate with
poor life expectancy, medical
If symptomatic management recommended:
with cord/nerve acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor): 25
root compression mg/kg/day PO divided TID × 1 day, increase 25
mg/kg/day each day until 100 mg/kg/day is reached
Treatment Options
- • Endoscopic third ventriculostomy
(neuroendoscope visualizes ventricular surface
and a hole is created in floor of third ventricle,
allowing CSF to bypass obstruction and flow
toward sites of resorption)
- • Shunting (relieving fluid buildup responsible

Surger 1.
for hydrocephalus),Types:
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP): Ventricular inflow,
Peritoneal Cavity (abdomen) / Outflow
y 2. Lumboperitoneal (LP): Lumbar spine Inflow,
Peitoneal Cavity (abdomen) Outflow
3. Ventriculopleural (VPL): Ventricular Inflow,
Pleural Cavity (Lung) Outflow
4. Ventriculoatrial (VA): Ventricular inflow, Right
Atrial (Heart) Outflow
 Treatment Options Components:
• Inflow/Proximal Catheter
(drains CSF from ventricles or
subarachnoid space)
Components Shunting
• Valve Mechanism (regulates
differential pressure or controls
flow through shunt tubing,
connected to proximal catheter)
If symptomatic
with cord/nerve • Outflow/distal catheter (directs
root compression
CSF from valve to abdominal or
peritoneal cavty, heart, or other
drainage site)
Gait Disturbance NPH

Known cause with tumor or trauma

Ventricle size disproportionately larger than

CSF in subarachnoid space Indications for
Removal of spinal fluid through lumbar
puncture or catheter results in temporary relief Surgical
Intracranial pressure (ICP) or spinal fluid
pressure monitoring demonstrates abnormal
Intervention
range or pattern of spinal fluid pressure or
sufficiently elevated CSF outflow resistance
Multiple failures of ventriculoperitoneal (VP)
shunts
Peritoneum not acceptable site for distal
catheter placement
Failure of ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts
Surgical Procedure for VPL Shunt
PREPARATION Informed consent signed, preoperative labs normal, no Aspirin/Plavix/
Coumadin/NSAIDs/Advil/Celebrex/Ibuprofen/Motrin/Naprosyn/Aleve/
other anticoagulants and anti-inflammatory drugs for at least 1 weeks

Patients with significant pulmonary dysfunction or restricted lung capacity

are not good candidates for VPL shunts

Preoperative antibiotics delivered via IV injection

Appropriate intubation and sedation and lines (if necessary) as per the
anesthetist (endotracheal delivery preferred)

Place patient in supine position on operating table and all

pressure points padded

Neuromonitoring not needed

Time out is performed with agreement from everyone in the room for
correct patient and correct surgery with consent signed
 Surgical Procedure for VPL Shunt
- A urinary catheter may be
placed to drain urine from
bladder

- Proximal catheter may be

placed frontally or through
occipital burr hole: a. If
frontally, place hemostat or
temporary suture to
prevent CSF egress

- Place positive end-

expiratory pressure valve in
anesthesia circuit to
maintain lung inflation
during pleural catheter
placement, avoiding
pneumothorax
 Surgical Procedure for VPL Placement
- Perform skin incision at third or
fourth rib off the midline (in the same
line used for passage of distal
catheter) and insert self-retaining
retractors

- Dissect toward pleura through

muscles of anterior chest wall and
intercostal muscles

- Connect shunt entirely before

opening the pleura (see ̂Fig. 21.1):
1. Connect proximal catheter to
shunting device
2. Ascertain Flow of CSF from distal
Catheter
3. Make pleural egress with long
hemostat and place about 20 cm
of tubing into pleural space, under
direct vision

- Irrigate wound and close incisions

with sutures or surgical staples,
applying sterile bandage
 Pitfalls
 Meningitis
 Postoperative infection
 Pleural effusion
 Subdural Hematoma
 Pulmonary Complications
 Blockage/Obstruction Complications
 Shunt under/ Over drainage Complications
• Shunt under-drainage complications:
– Elevated ICP
– Recurrence of hydrocephalus
• Shunt over-drainage complications:
- Proximal shunt obstruction: Tissue sucked into
holes of proximal catheter, reducing flow
- Headache/Dizziness
- Slit ventricle syndrome: Absence of CSF within
ventricles combined with growing brain (potentially
fatal ICP before ventricles can expand)
- Subdural collections: Fluid accumulations between
arachnoid and dura
- Extradural collections: Fluid accumulations
between dura and skull
- Secondary craniosynostosis: Cranial defect where
bony sutures of infant close too early
 PROGNOSIS

 Patient placed in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and ultimately in the intensive care
unit (ICU). Hospitalization rates depend on the type of procedure performed,
preoperative examination status, and patient’s age/ comorbidities
 Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other rehabilitation therapies
recommended
 Pain Management
 Headache, nausea, or vomiting, if present following the procedure, will warrant
relevant medications
THANK
YOU