What is Communication?

• Interaction

• Interchange

• Transaction

• Dialogue

• Sharing

• Communion
Definition of Communication
• According to Denis Mc Quail,
• Communication is a process which increases commonality – however
it requires an elements of commonality.

• Language
• Interest
• Sense of Community
 Common = ‘Sadharanikaran ’

• Sanskrit term closet of commonness

• Social process that can be achieved by ‘Sahridayas’

• Sahridayas – people with the capacity to receive the message.

• Sahridayas – of one & the same heart!

Sadharanikaran

• Innate ability acquired through culture, adaptation or learning.

• The theory focuses on the receiver of the message.
• Sanskrit concept is the relationship based on common & mutual
understanding & feeling.
• Derivation of such ancient Indian concept is rooted from the
theory of Rasa
 Sahridayas

Preshaka Prapaka
(sender) (receiver)
Sahridayata
Sadharanikaran Model of Communication
• Sadharanikaran word is derived from the Sanskrit word sadharan; which means
‘commonality’ or ‘simplification’ in English.

• Proposed by Nirmala Mani Adhakari in 2003

• Systematic representation of communication process from Hindu perspective.

• Illustrates how communication parties interact for an attainment of commonness.

• Saharidaya & Saharidayata are the core of Sadharanikaran

• Sadharanikaran is rooted in Natyashastra of Bharata.

• Scholars widely believe that Bhattanayaka introduced the concept of

sadharanikaran.

• He is credited for the use of the term in his commentary on Natyashastra to

explain the concept of rasa.

• The true essence of Sadharanikaran is to achieve commonness or oneness

among the people.

• Sadharanikaran model is the first ever model of communication in

diagrammatic form proposed from the East.
The Theory of Rasa- Natyashashtra
• During the period, when Natyashastra is written, drama and poetry
were considered as similar.

• Indian poetics focuses on drama and poetry existed as an integral part

of drama. In early English drama, Greek drama, and Sanskrit drama,
poetry is found as a medium of narration and dialogue.

• Natyashastra is the first treatise on dramaturgy in Indian literary

philosophical tradition.
• Natyashastra is scientific illustration of drama and
its representation.

• The nature of drama, origin and objectives of

drama, language structure, technique, characters,
types and dialogue writing for drama are some
points which are included in the Natyashastra.

• Representation deals with theatre construction,

stage construction, structure and style of
performance.
What is Rasa?
• It is the impression created on the mind of the sympathetic audience by the
expressions of Bhavas (emotions) and it’s experienced by it. 

Types of Rasa:

1.Sthayibhava : permanent emotions or feelings.

2.Vyabhicharibhava: transitory (fleeting) emotions.
3.Vibhava : excitant or stimulating determinants.
4.Anubhava : Consequent or ensuing response.
Sthayibhava
(Navrasa)
Vyabhicharibhava: transitory (fleeting) emotions.

• Glani (Weakness languishing) • Vrida (Shame)

• Sanka (Apprehension)
• Asura (Envy or jealousy)
• Mada (Intoxication)
• Srama (Fatigue)
• Alasya (Laziness)
• Dainya (Depression)
• Cinta (Anxiety)
• Harsa (Joy)
• Gaiva (Arrogance)
• Nidra (Sleep)
• Apasmara (Epilepsy)
• Supta (Dreaming)
• Moha (Delusion)
• Smrti (Recollection memory)
Vibhava : excitant or stimulating determinants.

• The vibhavas or determinants help in development of a

feeling in sentiment.

• These vibhavas are of two kinds: alambana (supporting) and

uddipana (excitant).
Anubhava : Consequent or ensuing response.

• In the sentiment of soka (grief), there may be anubhavas like

mourning (vilapa), weeping (rudana), shedding of tears etc.

• Sattvikbhavas would be indicated through tears, change of

voice etc. In abhinaya, we find actions like weeping, paleness
of face, change of voice, deep breathing, fainting, immobility,
loss of memory etc.
 Sadharanikaran Model of Communication

Doshas (Noise)

Sandesh
Sarani (channel)
(message)
Bhava
(emotion)

Sandharbha (Context)
Prapaka
Preshaka (Receiver)
(sender)

Pratikriya (Feedback)

Rasaswadana 
The Types of Communication
1) Interpersonal Communication/ Face-to-face communication
• Focused & Unfocused Interactions

• 3 stages of Interpersonal communication:

• Phatic Stage- eg- Hii, Hello! Etc.
• Personal Stage- Sharing some personal information
• Intimate Stage- Sharing confidential/ too personal information
• Group Communication- formal/in-formal
• Larger participation
• Less feedback
• No understanding

• Mass Communication
• Applicable with Media tools
• ‘magic multipliers’ – Wilbur Schramm
• Mass-line Communication – Kusum Singh
• Low cost communication with High mass participation
• Knowledge/information sharing
• Non-manipulative way of communicating
• E.g. Satyagraha movement by M.K Gandhi

• Interactive Communication
• New Media
• More like entertaining
• Feedback is high
• Different Forms of representation for information flow