Basic Ultrasound

Service Department
Ultrasound Products
 Outline
• Imaging modes
• History
• Ultrasound • A & M, B, CW/PW
• Sound • Color, Power &
• Transducer DirPower
• Advantages • Panoramic Imaging
• 3D/4D
• Tissue Doppler
Imaging
Sound atau Suara
Apa yang dimaksud dengan sound/suara?
Getaran atau tekanan yg merambat di medium.

Medium and Velocity

Medium Velocity (m/s) Medium Velocity (m/s)

Udara 330 Hati 1549

Air 1480 Ginjal 1561

Lemak 1450 Otot 1585

Kecepatan rata pada jaringan otot lunak 1540m/s.

Sound
Frequency
20Hz 20kHz
Infrasound Audible Sound Ultrasound
Low High

For medical diagnostic imaging

1MHz 20MHz
Transducer

Piezoelectricity crystal
 Outline

• Ultrasound • Imaging modes

• Sound • History
• Transducer • A & M, B, CW/PW
• Advantages • Color, Power & DirPower
• Panoramic Imaging
• 3D/4D
• Tissue Doppler Imaging
History
1910s Ultrasound sonar theory diciptakan di Prancis
1942 A mode diciptakan di Austria untuk brain scanning
1950s M mode ditemukan.
B mode diciptakan di USA dalam clinical application
1956 CW mode diciptakan di Jepang untuk heart valve
application
1959 PW mode diciptakan.
1983 Color Doppler mode diciptakan in Japan

1990 Kretz, suatu perusahaan Austria pertama dalam

commercial 3D ultrasound scanner
Sonar

1910s
A Mode

A: Amplitude
strength of signal on graph

A mode is mainly used in ophthalmological examinations now. 1942

B Mode

B: Brightness
• displayed as dots
on screen
• stronger signal,
brighter dot

B mode is also
called 2D mode.

Function: to display tissue structure 1950s

B Mode
M Mode

M: Motion
displayed over time

Function: to display tissue motion 1950s

B Mode

Convex Linear

Convex Probe Linear probe Phased array probe

About Doppler
• Christian Andreas Doppler
• Austria
• Physicist and mathematician
• Born in 1803 in Salzburg
• Found Doppler Principle in
1842
• Died in 1853 in Venice
Doppler Principle

Sound source: NOT moving Sound source: moving

Doppler Principle
Doppler Principle in US
Blood cell NOT moving Blood cell moving forward/backward
Calculation Formula

2  f  f D  cos
v
f + fD c
f : Doppler shift of the frequency
D

θ
f: Transmitted frequency
v: Velocity of the blood
v
θ: Angle of incidence between
the ultrasound beam and the
direction of the flow
c: speed of sound in tissue
Doppler Mode in Ultrasound

Color Doppler:
1.Color: Color Doppler
2.Power: Power Doppler:
3.Directional Power Doppler
Spectral
Doppler
Spectral Doppler:
4.CW: continuous wave Doppler
5.PW: Pulse wave Doppler
Color Mode

Color Doppler:
Pixels assigned color
based on mean velocity

Red approaching probe

Blue away from probe

Color mode is also

called CDFI mode
(Color Doppler Flow
Imaging) or CFM
(color flow mapping)

Function: to display direction of blood flow 1983

Power Mode

Power Doppler:
Pixels assigned color
based on mean power

Power mode is also

called CPA mode.
(Color Power
Angio)

Function: to display volume of blood flow, especially at low velocity

Directional Power Mode
PW Mode

PW: Pulse-Wave
Doppler

Velocity

Time

Function: to measure velocity of blood flow 1959

PW Mode
Sample Line

Sample Volume

Angle Correction

Gray scale stands for:

the amount of all objects
in that velocity
in the sample volume.
Principle of PW

Elements are both

transmitting and receiving
sound waves.
The transmitting and
receiving of sound waves
are NOT in the same time.

There is a Sample Volume.

PRF: Pulse Repetition

Transmit Receive Transmit Receive …
Frequency
CW Mode

CW: Continuous-Wave
Doppler
speed of blood cells
displayed on a
time/velocity graph

Time

Velocity

Function: to measure velocity of blood flow, especially high velocity flow in heart
1956
CW Mode
Sample Line

Sensitive Region

Angle Correction

Gray scale stands for:

the amount of all objects
in that velocity
along the sample line.
Principle of CW

Some elements are

transmitting sound
waves.
The others are receiving.

The transmitting and

receiving of sound
waves are JUST in the
same time.

There is NO Sample Volume.

But there is a sensitive
region.
Difference-PW & CW
Sample Line
PW mode CW mode Sample Line

Principle Pulsed-wave Continuous wave

All elements are transmitting Some elements are

and receiving sound waves. transmitting Sensitive
sound waves.
Region
Sample Volume
The others are receiving.
Angle Correction Angle Correction
Probe All Phased array, pencil, other

Velocity Low High

Locate Sample volume Sample line

Window Yes No

Application All Cardiology

Panoramic Imaging
3D/4D Imaging

Linear

Fan

1990
3D/4D Imaging

Freehand 3D
Static 3D
Live 3D (4D)
3D/4D Imaging
Tissue Doppler Imaging
Tissue Velocity Imaging (TVI)
• Study myocardial tissue motion
• Analyze regional myocardial motion velocity
• Measure longitudinal myocardial velocity

Tissue Blood
Block Diagram USG

35
Thank you