Assignment

Classical And Operant

Conditioning

Course: Foundation of Education

Submitted to Miss Rubab Nawaz
Submitted by Muhammad Haseeb
Classical Conditioning
In 1890’s, A Russian Physiologist
Ivan Pavlov Described this theory of
learning
Focuses on Involuntary automatic
behaviors
Conti….
Pavlov’s did really famous experiment on
dogs.
Showed some food and rang bell at same
time
After a while, Dogs would associate the
bell with foods
Conti…
They would learn that when they heard the bell,
they would get a fed.
Eventually just ringing the bell made dog the
salivate. They learned to expect food at the sound
of a bell.
You know under normal condition the sight and
smell of food, causes a dog to salivate.
We call the food an unconditional stimulus
(something that rouses or incites to activity: such
as. : incentive) and we call the salivate to
unconditional response.
Conti…
Nobody trains a dog to salivate over some
steak
However when we pair unconditional
stimulus like food with something that was
previously neutral, like sound of the bell.
Then neutral stimulus becomes
conditional stimulus.
And so classical conditioning was
discovered.
How does it work
with humans?

Itworks in exactly the same way as

above.
Pavlov’s Experiment
Operant Conditioning
In 1938’s, American Psychologist
B. F. Skinner described this theory of
learning
Focuses on voluntary automatic behaviors
There are two main components
in operant conditioning

1) Reinforcement
2) Punishment
Reinforcement & Punishment

Reinforcement make Punishment make it

a more likely that less likely
you will do
something again. Negative (-ve)
Positive (+ve)
Positive
Means the addition of stimulus like
getting the dessert after finish your
veggies.

Negative
Means the removal of stimulus like
getting night of no homework because
you did well on exams.
Example
Let’s take example of operant conditioning.
After eating dinner with your family, you clear
the table and washed the dishes.
When you are done, your mom gives you a big
hug and says “ Thank you for helping me”.
In this situation, your mom’s response is
positive reinforcement.
If it makes you more likely to repeat the
operant response.
Example of Punishment
Suppose your uncle gives you reward to
passed the exams and you achieve
And if in the exams of next class you
don’t pass then he receive back that
rewards until you pass again.
This is an example of punishment.
Example