Natural dye yielding plants and its Anti-

cancerous activity - Literature review .

ID: U0156
.
Naveena.S1*, Jenifer.C1*, Dr.S.Suresh2, Dr.K.Balagurusamy3
.

1.3rd professional B.S.M.S, Velumailu Siddha Medical College,

Sriperumbudur.

2. Professor, Department of Noi Nadal, Velumailu Siddha Medical College,

Sriperumbudur.

3. Principal, Velumailu Siddha Medical College, Sriperumbudur. .

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: - Naveena.S

CONTACT:
.
7339128370, MAIL ID: navisakthi2000@gmail.com 1
ABSTRACT:
There are enormous amount of natural dye producing plants that have antioxidant properties.
Our siddha literature have encrypt knowledge of dye producing plants and its anticancerous
activity. Herbs like Plumeria rubra (Ezhattalari) have phytoconstituent plumercin which is
used in the treatment of uterine cancer (Thodaivaalai puttru). Such properties were concealed
.
in siddha literature and were analyzed in plants like- Indigofera tinctoria, Plumbago indica,
Acacia catechu, Solanum nigrum, Rubia cardifolia, Vinca rosea, Crocus sativus, Oldenlandia
.
umbellata, Plumbago zeylanica Nyctanthes arbor-tritis. To explore the pharmacological
property of dye yielding plants for its anticancerous, antioxidant activity. In this literature
review we analyze the plants producing natural dye, its coloured components and its anti-
cancerous activity through Medline plus, Embase, journal PubMed etc.

.
 Coloured compounds (secondary metabolites) such as Anthocyanin, .
Anthraquinone, Tannins, were investigated for their therapeutic efficacy
as anti-cancerous agents. These components can invade into cell cycles
pathway, cell death. Phytocolored components suppress multiple
signaling Pathway and inhibits cell proliferation, thus exhibiting
anticancerous activity. The present study can be extended to further pre-
clinical and clinical study in future to create scientific evidence on the
. dye yielding plants for the anti-cancer effects .
.
Keywords:
Dye yielding plants, coloring compounds, anticancer,
Thodaivaalai puttru

3
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 .
INTRODUCTION:

Cancer:
Cancer is a dreadful disease which is life threatening and the conventional system of medicine has more
unexplored treatment modalities(1)Cancer being the most destructive illness , it is the main cause to death.
in the world (2)Cancer is one of the major Non Communicable Disease (NCD) of developing and
developed countries of the world. The urbanization, life style modality changes, highly polluted
environment are the triggering factors for cancer disease, it is the leading causes of mortality worldwide
.
and the burden is increasing every now and then. (3)According to WHO Bulletin of estimate on cancer
. death rate in 2020 is approximately accounting for nearly 10 million there were an estimated 19.3 million
new cases (18.1 million excluding NMSC, except basal cell carcinoma). (4)Natural drugs are under
examination for their selective cytotoxicity study to cancer cells (5).Researchers use phytochemical
compounds to kill the cancerous cell and avoid multi drug resistance(6)(7)Cancer is the most deadly
challenges spreading drastically in the 21st century. Despite scientist’s best efforts to fight this disease, the
sure-shot cure is still not available. (8)

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Natural dye yielding plants for anticancer:
In India, there are more than 450 floras that can yield dyes. In addition to these characteristics
some of them also possess medicinal values(9)of which 50 are considered to be the most
prioritized that produce dye from parts like roots, barks, flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, wood, gums
and resins(10). Use of natural products with their therapeutic property is an antiquated method
were plant, mineral and animal products remain the main source of the drug (11)The dyes are
.
derived from naturally occurring plants (e.g., indigo and saffron) without any chemical treatment
(12)Plant pigments are secondary metabolites that impose the colouring effects in plant
tissues(13)and it is responsible for the visual attraction of flowers, fruits and vegetables(14)These
. are known as biochromes and are good source of dyes.(15) Pigments act as bioactive agents such
as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemo preventive against cancer(16)
.
Significance of Herbs in Cancer Therapy - Herbs have been a fertile source for the treatment of
non - communicable diseases like cancer, plant derived phytochemicals seizing anti cancerous
activity have encountered an inquisitive in the recent years, and they intend to inhibit or kill the
carcinogenic cells

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 .
Siddha system:
Siddhars – the great scientists who exposed the reality of nature through their
spiritual knowledge, Siddha system of medicine is found to be a developed system of
medicine, but it has to be analyzed by which the science could be understood with
the molecular chemistry of the complicated medicine preparation. The heaped up
theories and then the lavish protocols of the treatment were given by Siddhars .
themselves, these are yet to be validated safe to satisfy the emerging scientific
society.
.
. Numerous herbs have been used for cancer in traditional system of medicine based
on the tri humours which eventually paves the way for new anticancer drug
discovery. (17) With the keen observation of Siddhars, they illustrated the illness of
new lumps and explained it in chapters of etiology, pathology, clinical features and
the therapeutic aspects in poems. There are lot of diseases classified under Siddha
system in which “puttru” is a life-threatening malignant condition. (18)
.
.
 Trihumoural theory: .
In Siddha Perspective Tridosha (vadham Pitham, kapham) is the base around which the Siddha
system of medicine revolves. Three basic functions operating through a constant interplay
between the individual and the environment are required for the balance of integrity in the living
system. In benign neoplasm one or two of the three bodily systems are out of control and is not
too harmful to the body as the body could overcome this condition. Pitham being responsible
metabolic functions is present in every cell.
.
In cancer, there is a decrease in Pitham which is inversely proportional to Kapham hence resulting
in excessive tissue growth. Vatham can be correlated with the anabolic growth phase, Kapham
. can be correlated to the catabolic phase of morbidity. Problem in metabolism develops because
of the decrease in pitham followed by counter increase in Vatham and Kapham forces, the
. integration of these forces results in proliferation. The stages of cancer can be categorized based
on the type of humour deranged (17)

The decrease in Pitham is pacified by bitter, sweet and astringent tastes. The increase in Vatham is
pacified by sweet, sour and salt tastes. The increase in Kapham is pacified by bitter, pungent and
astringent tastes. (19)

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Cancer in Siddha system:

Siddha deals with the various type of malignancies, Siddhar yugimuni used the term
Vippuruthi and Dhunmangism in his text Yugi vaidhya chinthamani, (20) it can be .
correlated to cancer. Other texts such as Agathiyar rana vaithyam, Nagamuni
nayanavithi, Agathiyar nayanavithi deals with cancer as Putru (Naaku putru, Sevi
. putru, Vaai putru) which are cancer of tongue, ear and mouth (18)
Vippuruthinoipadalam (carcinoma like illness), it denotes the etiology of cancer.
.
excessive intake of salty, pungent diet and tubers, over indulgence in sex, effects of
people’s karma, intake of contaminated food items, indulgence in prohibited
activities and consumption of food containing incompatible and adulterated food .
(21)

.
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 Vippuruthi:
.
Malignant tumours (Vippuruthi, Putru) (22) are very harmful because all the three major
humours loose mutual coordination and thus cannot prevent tissue proliferation that results in
mortal condition.

According to the site of lesion Vippuruthi (Carcinoma like illness) is classified into
Kuvalaivippuruthi (genitalia), Karppavippuruthi (uterine) and Chanthuvippuruthi (abdomen). On .
the aspect of pathogenicity of disease it’s being divided into Vathavippuruthi, Pithavippuruthi
and Chethmavippuruthi (3 humour based), Oduvippuruthi (metastatic) denotes the stage and
. severity of lesion. Moreover, the literature explains about the curable and incurable types of
Vippuruthi Noi (21). Apart from that, there are six types of Vippuruthi in ears namely
. ChathaiVippuruthi, Odu Vippuruthi, Madu Vippuruthi, Enbu Vippuruthi, Rana Vippuruthi and
Puttru Vippuruthi. (23)

According to Anubava vaithya dheva raghasiyam, there are 10 major areas which are prone to
Vippuruthi. They are Nabi (Umbilicus), Vasthi (Bladder), Kalleeral (Liver), Manneeral (Spleen),
Kanaiyam (Pancreas), Iraipai (Stomach), Abanam (Anorectal), Karuppai (Uterus), Thodai iduku
(Groin), Moothira kiranthi (Prostate gland) (24)

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 .
Kiranthi:
Capsular lesions are explained as Kiranthinoigal in Siddha literature, it is
characterised by burning sensation, red coloured rashes on the skin, mass, rupture
and ulceration and in chronic stage it leads to Arpudha Kiranthi. Some literatures
reveals pathogenicity of Kiranthi is due to the aggravation of Iyya humour that .
combines with Vali humour and then gradually affecting the body humours namely
Saaram (body fluid), Chenneer (blood), Oon (muscle) and Kozhuppu (fat), this
. express the nodular lesions in the body (23). Kiranthi is classified into nine types
according to the affected humours– ValiKiranthi, AzhalKiranthi, IyyaKiranthi,
.
ChathaiKiranthi, Kozhuppu Kiranthi, Kuruthi Kiranthi, Enbu Kiranthi, Narambu
Kiranthi and Pun Kiranthi. The Kiranthinoi in chronic stage has been called as
Arpudha Kiranthi. (18)

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 .
Peruvayiru:
Some literatures explain cancer as Kazhalai, Putru,
Thunmangisam, Vanmeegarogam etc. Peruvayiru noi
(ascites) in Siddha literature is described as the clinical .

feature of Cancer. Chapters such as Chathaiperuvayiru,

. Nazhuvaiperuvayiru, Veppupaavaiperuvayiru,
. Kulaimuttiperuvayiru, Keezhkavisai, Maelkavisaiperuvayiru,
Vallaiperuvayiru explains abdominal distension due to
several encroachments. (25)

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Literature on dye yielding:
Indigofera tinctoria yields a blue colour dye (26)

Oldenlandia umbellata other name saya verr(26) which indicates the

presence dye .

“Ezhattalarippa laerupurai pun thodaiyin

.
Vazhaipputtrum pokkum mal”
.

-Agathiyar gunapadam (26)

It ensures the cure for thodaivazhai puttru (uterine cancer)

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 .
Literature review on anticancer dye yielding plants :
             

S.NO PLANT PARTS COLOUR PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTY TYPE OF CANCER

1 Plumeria rubra flower Red Stigma sterol Antioxidant Liver cancer

White Anticancer Gastric cancer

   

2 Indigofera tinctoria leaves Green Indirubin Anti-oxidant, Lung cancer

.
anti-cancer, Laryngeal cancer

anti toxic

3 Acacia catechu Heart wood Red Quercetin Anti proliferative Lung, prostrate, breast,

. Anti-oxidant liver, cervix cancer

Anti-cancer

. 4 Solanum nigrum Whole plant Red to blue Anthocyanin Anti-tumor, cancer chemo preventive Breast cancer

,anti-oxidant

5 Rubia cardifolia root Turkey red Manjisthin Chemoprevention anti-cancer, Liver, pancreatic,

Antiproliferative, breast cancer

anti-oxidant

.
.
 6 Vinca rosea flower White Vindesine,
vinorelbin,
Antitumor,
Antineoplastic
Lung cancer
Metastatic breast cancer
.
vinflunine Ovarian cancer

             
            Breast cancer
7 Crocus sativus flower Reddish orange Crocin Anti-cancer Ovarian cancer
Picrocrocin Anti-oxidant Leukemia
Crocetin Lung cancer
  Prostate cancer .

8 Oldenlandia umbellata Root bark Red to calico Anthraquinone Anti leukemia, Breast cancer
Anti-tumor Lung cancer
.
  Nyctanthes arbortristis flower Yellow to Crocin Anti-oxidant Leukemia

. 9 Yellow orange Crocetin Anti-cancer Brest cancer

Quercitin Antiproliferative  
     
   

10 Plumbago zeylanica root Yellow to yellow Plumbagin Anti-cancer Prostate cancer

brown
Anti metastatic Pancreatic cancer
   

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 .
DISCUSSION

1. Plumeria rubra:

(Ezhattalari) Apocynaceae

It is commonly named as ‘Temple tree’ and ‘Graveyard flower’ in olden days because it was planted .
near the temples and graveyards, they are deciduous tropical plant, The important chemical
constituents of the plant are stigmasterol, fulvoplumierin, plumieride, rubrinol, lupeol, oleanolic
. acid, taraxasteryl acetate, plumieride-p-E-coumarate, rubranonoside, rubrajalellol, plumericin,
isoplumericin, etc., it possess a wide range of pharmacological activities namely anti-oxidant
. antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer,
anthelmintic, antifertility and many other activities.(27)

“Ezhattalarippa laerupurai pun thodaiyin

Vazhaipputtrum pokkum mal”
-Agathiyar gunapadam (26)

.
.
 According to the poem stated above this plant is
.
used for the treatment of uterine cancer
(Thodaivaalai puttru) because of the presence of
sitgmasterol and plumericin phytocomponent
The ethanolic extract of leaves of Plumeria rubra
(Linn) were evaluated for their anti-cancer activity
against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss .
albino mice. The MTT assay of ethanolic extract
of flowers of Plumeria rubra shows that all
. concentrations are having anticancer activity. (28)
. The ethanolic extract of flowers of Plumeria rubra
was tested for its anti-cancer activity against liver
cancer HePG2 cell line by MTT assay (29)

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 .
Indigofera tinctoria:
(Avuri) Fabaceae

Indigofera tinctoria yields a blue colour dye(26) Indirubin,

it is useful for the treatment of chronic myelocytic
leukemia and is enriched with antitoxic, hemostatic and
sedative properties(30) Photochemical analysis of aqueous
.
extract of tinctoria contains alkaloids, amino acids,
flavonoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates,
. tannins, phenolic group and proteins, which are
responsible for the antioxidant, antimicrobial and
. anticancer activities (31) The cytotoxic effect of tinctoria
leaf extract, AgNP- tinctoria and AuNP- tinctoria were
examined on lung cancer cell line (A549) by MTT assay.
Studies on I. tinctoria proves that the flavanoid fraction is
their extract cause of anticancer effect on lung cancer cell
line A549 (32)

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Acacia catechu:

(Karungali) Fabaceae

Due to its therapeutic properties it has been used in

traditional medicines(33) to treat asthma, bronchitis,
cancer, chest pain, diarrhea, mouth sores, sore, throats, .
ulceration, vitiligo, and wound healing. Phytochemical
analysis of acacia contain flavonoids, tannins, and
phenolic compounds, especially quercetin
. catechin/epicatechin, epigallocatechin, taxi-folin,
procyanidin, , taxifolin, etc., numerous pharmacological
. activities, including immunomodulators(34,35)
antinociceptive , anti-hyperglycemic antihyperlipidemic
(36,37) The bark of A. catechu was effective against the
growth of cancer cell lines (antiproliferative activity) such
as A549 lung, PC-3 prostateMCF-7 breast, Hep-G2 liver,
HeLa cervix, and IMR32 brain (38)

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Solanum nigrum:

Manatakkali (Solanaceae)

It is been used as a folk medicine to treat inflammation,

edema, and mastitis.(39) Phytochemical screening of S.
nigrum contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids,
.
glycoproteins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and triterpenoids.
Bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
antinociceptive, antipyretic, antitumor, antiulcerogenic,cancer
chemo preventive, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory
. effects(40) Anthocyanins are flavonoids linked to the
. pigmentation of plant flowers and fruit that ranges from red to
blue. The crude extracts of Solanum nigrum have
demonstrated antitumor effects in various types of cancer
including human melanoma and colorectal, endometrial,
cervical, and breast cancers (41, 42)

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 .
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that
results in entry of invasive cells into the blood stream (43)
cancer stem cells undergo EMT to migration and invasion
(44,45) Genome-wise transcriptional analysis of human
breast cancer cell lines has revealed a subgroup of cells with
.

increased expression of EMT markers and high invasive

.
potential, termed the mesenchymal type.(46)Solanum
.
nigrum capable of enhancing mitochondrial fission, thereby
attenuating mitochondrial function in the human breast
cancer cells

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 .
Rubia cordifolia:

Manjitti (Rubiaceae)

Manjishtha, the plant carries flowers and fruit. Roots

are perennial, long, cylindrical, and rusty brown in .
colour(47) and used as anti-inflammatory activity and
anti-toxins role(48,49) anti-cancer (50) antimicrobial
and antifungal(51) The potential role of R.Cordifolia
. aqueous root extract on liver, pancreatic and breast
. cancer chemoprevention and also chemotherapy.
Rubia Cordifolia is an effective cytotoxic and they
might have antitumor activity against myeloid
leukemia and Histolytic lymphoma. Cell lines - HEK
293 (Human Epithelial Kidney cell line), U937
(Human Histolytic lymphoma cell line), HL 60
(Human Myeloid leukemia cell line)

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 .
Vinca rosea:
Nithyakalyani (Apocynaceae)

It is known as evergreen herb, is a well-known medicinal

herb used to treat cancer. , Vinca rosea plant
phytochemicals are secondary metabolites containing 120
alkaloids including chlorogenic acid, oleanolic acid, .
loganic acid, vindolicine, vindoline, vinblastine,
vincristine, ajmalicine, and catharanthine
Vincristine is a Vinca alkaloid that is commonly used to
. treat leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and sarcoma.
Vindesine, also known as Eldisine, is a semisynthetic
. Vinca alkaloid. Vindesine, like the natural and
semisynthetic Vinca alkaloids generated from this plant, is
a mitotic inhibitor and chemotherapeutic medication.
Vindesine prevents cell growth by suppressing mitosis,
which is particularly important in cancer cells that
proliferate quickly. Vindesine It’s used to treat a variety of
cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, breast
cancer, and lung cancer, usually in conjunction with other
chemotherapeutic properties (52)
.
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 .
Crocus sativus:

Kunkumappu (Iridaceae)

Its main constituents, Crocin, Crocetin, and safranal,

Pharmacological experiments have established
numerous beneficial properties for this brilliant .
reddish-orange dye derived from the flowers it have
useful bioactive constituents such as Crocin, Crocetin,
. Picrocrocin, and safranal. (53)
The antitumor activity is mainly attributed to (i)
. inhibition of synthesis of DNA and RNA, (ii)
inhibition or suppression of cancer cells proliferation,
(iii) apoptosis, (iv) inhibition of metastasis and
angiogenesis, and (v) changes in the expression
pattern of oncogenes or tumor-suppressive genes.

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 .
It has also been demonstrated that Crocin can significantly inhibit the
proliferation of MCF-7 cells, and kill cells by inducing their apoptotic
cell death. It has also been reported that Crocin shows antiproliferative
activity on human breast cancer cells, such as HCC70 and HCC1806, .
through depolymerization of spindle microtubules and production of
multipolar spindles resulting in chromosomes misalignment, also
.
inhibiting the progression of mitosis saffron’s compounds could have
. potent cancer-preventing effects and antitumor activity with selective
toxicity against cancer cells, without affecting the normal cells and
without causing any adverse effects, (54)

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 .
Oldenlandia umbellate:

Impural (Rubiaceae)

It is known as Impural, Shaya, Indian madder, chay root,

Impuraver in Tamil. The root of Oldenlandia umbellata L.
(Indian madder) is a source of several Anthraquinone .
(55)The decoction of O. umbellata leaves are used for
gastric diseases. The root and bark are used to prepare
natural dye(56) The plant extracts inhibits tumor growth,
. modulates immune activity, stimulates reticulo
. endothelial system, phagocytosis and augment
macrophage oxidative burst. O. umbellata plant is well
known in siddha & Ayurveda for its styptic property.
(57)Ethanolic extract of Oldenlandia umbellata leaves
were studied for anticancer activity against Liver cancer
cell (HEPG2 cells) through MTT assay (58)

.
.
 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis:
.
Pavizhamalli (Oleaceae)

It is commonly referred to as night jasmine is a popular

medicine that has been prescribed by traditional practitioners
(59)Analysis of the plant’s leaves, fruits, and seeds has revealed
the presence of a number of phytochemicals
.
Crocin ,Crocetin ,quercetin . Flower extracts of night jasmine has
antibacterial, antiviral, ant filarial, and antioxidant activities with
minimum side effects compared to common among conventional
medicines (60) It has been documented that Nyctanthes arbor-
.
tristis possess anticancer potentials(61)Antiproliferative analyses
. revealed that Nyctanthes exerted a high specific activity against
anti-AML and anti-CLL PBMC cells, especially by the hexane
and ethyl acetate fractions. Compounds in N. arbor-tristis that
promote anticancer and anti-obesity activities and on the
formation of the ligand–protein complex. Aqueous extract of N.
Abor-tristis flowers can be developed as a nutraceutical, it can
effectively prevent leukemia when taken as a supplement in
combination with a known anticancer drug.

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 .
Plumbago indica :
Kodiveli (Plumbaginaceae)

As per Siddha literature all varieties of

Plumbago is having anticancerous activity.
.

The Verse in Siddha literature denotes the

indication of Kodiveli for Katti, Viranam,
.
Kiranthi, Araiyappu, etc., (61)
. Kattiviranankiranthikaalkalaaraiyappuk Katti
---
AgasthiarGunavaagadam

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 .
Plumbagin isolated from Plumbago zeylanica inhibits growth and spread
of breast cancer, liver cancer, fibro sarcoma, malignant ascites and
leukemia by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. The cytotoxic effect of
Plumbagin and ETPR on human lymphocytes was evaluated by MTT
assay. Cell lines were sensitive to Plumbagin when compared to ETPR,
indicating that Plumbagin could well induce cytotoxicity to the .
lymphocyte cell lines. Plumbago rosea is studied for antiproliferative
effect on SK MEL 28 melanoma cell line showed growth inhibition in a
. dose dependent manner. Plumbagin a phytochemical in all varieties has
. anticancerous potential but the side effects limits its use. (62)Plumbago
zeylanica derived 1, 4- naphthoquinone significantly inhibited the growth
and metastasis of PC-3M-luciferase cells in this pre-clinical mouse
model. It concludes that PL may be a potential anti-metastatic agent for
the treatment of human metastatic Prostatic Cancer. (63)

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 .
Result:

Coloured compounds (secondary metabolites) such as Anthocyanin,

Anthraquinone, Tannins, were investigated for their therapeutic
efficacy as anti-cancerous agents. These components can invade .
into cell cycles pathway, cell death. Phytocolored components
suppress multiple signaling Pathway and inhibits cell proliferation,
.
thus exhibiting anticancerous activity.
.

.
.
 .
Conclusion:

It is evident that traditional Siddha medicine can be useful in the

management of cancer, besides being safe, cost-effective, and non-invasive.
Most of the Siddha medicines provide nutrition and reduce the side effects .
of conventional cancer therapy due to effective antioxidant activity. The
compound formulations or single drugs in Siddha literature shall be
.
subjected to retrospective analysis for the exploration of scientific
. background behind the therapeutic aspects. More researches could be taken
up the concept to explore and evaluate them scientifically for the betterment
of cancer population. The present study can be extended to further pre-
clinical and clinical study in future to create scientific evidence on the dye
yielding plants for the anti-cancer effects.

.
.
 .
Acknowledgement :
Authors are thankful to Dr.K.Balagurusamy, The Principal of
Velumailu siddha medical college and hospital Sriperumbudur, .
Dr.S.Suresh, Professor, Department of Noi Nadal, Velumailu
Siddha Medical College, and Sriperumbudur.
.
.

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