GROUP ONE

PRESENTATION ON CERVICAL CANCER

 CONTENT

Introduction
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment and prevention
 INTRODUCTION

The cervix is the lowest part of a woman's uterus wh

ich connects the uterus to the vagina.

 Cervical cancer occurs when the cervix grows abnor

mally and invade other tissues and organs of the bod
y.

The majority of cervical cancer cases are caused by t

he human papilloma virus (HPV)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 STAGES OF CERVICAL CANCER
The extent to which any cancer has spread in the body at the tim
e of diagnosis is referred to as the stage. Staging cancer helps he
althcare providers develop the best treatment plan. Cervical canc
er is classified into 5 stages from stage 0 to stage IV.
STAGE 0: this stage is not a true invasive cancer. The abnormal
cells are only on the surface of the cervix.
STAGE I: There’s a small amount of tumor present that has not
spread to any lymph node or distant site.
STAGE II: The cancer has spread beyond the cervix and the uter
us, but does not invade the pelvic walls of the lower vagina.
STAGE III: The cancer has spread to the pelvic wall and lower p
arts of the vagina but not to other sites in the body. The tumor m
ore be blocking the ureters.
STAGE IV: This is the most advanced stage of the disease. Tum
or may have spread to the bladder or rectum, or to sites in other
areas of the body.
 RISK FACTORS

Early sexual contact

 Multiple sexual partners

 Taking oral contraceptives

 Cigaratte smoking.

 Previous exposure to Human papilloma virus

 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms do not show until the disease has

progressed to dangerous stage.
 Pain
 Abnormal vaginal bleeding other than menstruation
.
 Abnormal vaginal discharge.
 Pelvic pain.
 Kidney failure due to a urinary tract or bowel obstru
ction when cancer is advanced.
 DIAGNOSIS

Tumour markers
Papanicolaou test (pap smear)
 Biopsy and others.
 TUMOUR MARKERS

TA‐4( tumour-associated antigen )a tumor antigen of cervical

squamous cell carcinoma use for the prognosis of cervical canc
er.
 SCCA, Squamous cell carcinoma antigen
SCCA; is the most commonly used marker for cervical cancers
It makes up 85%-90% of all cervical carcinomas
The concentration levels correlate to the stage of the disease, s
ize of the tumor, depth of stromal invasion, lymph vascular sp
ace involvement and lymph node metastasis.
It has a high predictive value
It is a good marker for follow-up treatment
 TUMOUR MARKERS

CYFRA 21-1 (serum cytokeratin 19 fragment)

CYFRA 21-1 ;the concentration levels also correlate
with stage of the disease as in SCC-Ag but it has less
predictive value as compared to SCC-Ag in prognosis
.
Useful for monitoring the responds to radiotherapy
and chemotherapy.
It is also use to do follow up examination in people w
ith cervical cancer.
 NEW MARKERS UNDER RESEARCH

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Human cartilage glycoprotein-39: is a potential biom
arker in th detection and management of cervical can
cer.
Tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS): For follo
w-up in ovarian and cervical cancer.
 TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Have fewer sexual partners

 Use condoms
 Stop smoking
 Delaying sexual intercourse may reduce the risk of cervical
cancer.
 Vaccination ( The HPV vaccine is most effective if given be
fore becoming sexually active.
 Screening to find pre-cancers before they can turn into inv
asive cancers.
Surgery- usually used when cancer is confined to the cervix
Radiotherapy- this may be used to reduce the risk of
recurrence.
Chemotherapy- can be used if the surgeon wants to s
hrink the tumor to make it easier to operate. This is
not a common practice
For advanced cervical cancer, a combination of chem
otherapy and radiotherapy can be used.
 REFERENCES

Burkman R, Schlesselman JJ, Zieman M. Safety conc

erns and health benefits associated with oral contrac
eption. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecolo
gy 2004

Beckett G. & Walker .S. (2010). Clinical Biochemistr

y. New York; Wiley.