Digital Electronics Chapter 1

Chapter 1
Introductory Concepts
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
 Define analog digital quantity

 Explain the difference between digital and analog quantities
 State the advantages of digital over analog
 Give examples of how digital and analog quantities are used in electronics
 Define binary
 Name the bits in a binary system
 Explain how voltage levels are used to represent bits
 Explain how voltage levels are interpreted by a digital circuit
 Describe the general characteristics of a pulse
 Determine the amplitude, rise time, fall time, and width of a pulse
 Identify and describe the characteristics of a digital waveform
 Determine the amplitude, period, frequency, and duty cycle of a digital
waveform
 Explain what a timing diagram is and state its purpose
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
 Explain serial and parallel data transfer and state the advantage
and disadvantage of each
 List three basic logic functions
 Define the NOT function
 Define the AND function
 Define the OR function
 Describe code conversion, encoding, and decoding
 Describe multiplexing and demultiplexing
 Describe the counting function
 Describe the storage function
 State the major types of programmable logic and discuss the differences
 Discuss the programmable logic design process
Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(F)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M. P.M.
Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Analog and Digital Systems
Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive
10110011101 Digital-to- Linear amplifier

Digital data analog converter Analog
reproduction
of music Speake
audio signal r
Soun
d
waves
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)
bit can have the value of either Invalid
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the VL(max)

LOW
voltage is HIGH or LOW.
VL(min)
Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or

leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge
LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1
(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise
time, fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time
Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the
rate it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T 
T f
The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of

a periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2
GHz?
1
T  1
 313 ps
f 3.2
GHz
Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse

waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width
(tW) and duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Pulse
Amplitude (A)
width
(tW)
Time
Period, T
Timing Diagrams
A timing diagram is used to show the relationship

between two or more digital waveforms,
Cloc
k
C
A diagram like this can be
observed directly on a logic
analyzer.
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
0
Computer t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 Modem
Computer Printer
0
0
t0 t1
Basic Logic Functions
True only if all input conditions

are true.
True only if one or more input
conditions are true.
Indicates the opposite condition.
Basic System Functions
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

various logic functions. A few examples are:
The comparison function A

Comparator
A>B
Two
binary A=B Outputs
number
s B
A<
B
Basic arithmetic functions Adder

A
Σ Sum
Two
binary
number Carry out
s B C out
Carry in
Cin
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
The encoding function

4 storage
3 and/or
2
1 computation
7 8 9
0
4 5 6
1 2 3
0 .
Calculator
+/–
keypad
The decoding function

Decode
r
Binary input
7-segment display
The data selection function

Multiplexe Demultiplexer
A r D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
Ato D B to E C to F Ato D
∆t1
∆t1
B ∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆t 1 E
∆t 2 ∆t2
C ∆t3 ∆t3 F
Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input
The counting function
Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses
Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.
…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.
One type of storage function is the shift register,

that moves and stores data each time it is
clocked.
Serial bits
0101
on input 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown
here.
line
0 IFirst bit (1) is shifted serially into
010 1 0 0 0 n
the register.
i
t
i
Second
a bit (0) is shifted serially
01 0 1 0 0 into
l
lright.
register and first bit is shifted
y
,
0 1 0 1 0 Third
t
the
bit (1) is shifted into register and
first and second bits are shifted
h
right.
e
0 1 0 1 r
e
Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and
gthe first, second, and third bits are
ishifted right. The register now stores
s
all
t four bits and is full.
e
r
c
Thomas L. Floyd o All Rights Reserved
n
Integrated Circuits
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip cas
e
Pin
s
The TTL series, available as DIPs are

popular for laboratory experiments with
logic.
Integrated Circuits
An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The

circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested.
DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the
system.
Integrated Circuits
DIP chips and surface mount chips
Pin 1
Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)
Integrated Circuits
Other surface mount packages:
End view End view End view
SOIC PLCC LCCC
Test and Measurement Instruments
The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope

can be divided into four major groups.
VERTICAL HORIZONT TRIGGE

AL R
CH 1 CH 2 BOTH SLOP
E
Ð +
POSITIO POSITIO POSITIO LEVE

N N N L
VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV SEC/ SOURC

DIV E
CH 1
CH 2
EXT
5V 2m 5V 2m 5s 5 ns
V V LINE
COUPLIN COUPLIN
G
AC-DC-GND G
AC-DC-GND TRIG COUP
DC AC
DISPLAY
PROBE COM CH 1 CH 2 EXT TRIG
P 5V
INTENSITY
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of

digital information or show data in tabular form.
The DMM can make three basic O FF

0.01 V
V
electrical measurements. Hz
mV
Voltage 10 A
A
1s
Range
Autorange 1s
Touc h/Hold
Resistance 40 m A
Fused
COM
Current
In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power

supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing
continuity, and occasionally making other
measurements.
Quiz
1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems

a. are less prone to noise
b. can represent an infinite number of values
c. can handle much higher power
d. all of the above
Quiz
2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit

are
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. ten
Quiz
3.The time measurement between the 50% point on the

leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing
edge of the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
Quiz
4.The time measurement between the 90% point on the

trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge
of the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
Quiz
5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is

the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
Quiz
6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency

is
a. 20 MHz
b. 200 MHz
c. 2 GHz
d. 20 GHz
Quiz
7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form

a. storage devices
b. comparators
c. data selectors
d. all of the above
Quiz
8. A shift register is an example of a

a. storage device
b. comparator
c. data selector
d. counter
Quiz
9.A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to

a single output line is called a
a. comparator
b. decoder
c. counter
d. multiplexer
Quiz
10.For most digital work, an oscilloscope should be coupled

to the signal using
a. ac coupling
b. dc coupling
c. GND coupling
d. none of the above
Quiz
Answers:
1. a 6. c
2. b 7. d
3. d 8. a
4. b 9. d
5. c 10.
b

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Chapter 1

 Define analog digital quantity

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

10110011101 Digital-to- Linear amplifier

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

a 0 or a 1, depending on if the VL(max)

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Base line Undershoot

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

True only if all input conditions

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.

And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

The comparison function A

Basic arithmetic functions Adder

The encoding function

The decoding function

The data selection function

The counting function

…and other functions such as code conversion

One type of storage function is the shift register,

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

The TTL series, available as DIPs are

An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The

DIP chips and surface mount chips

Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

Other surface mount packages:

End view End view End view

SOIC PLCC LCCC

The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope

VERTICAL HORIZONT TRIGGE

POSITIO POSITIO POSITIO LEVE

VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV SEC/ SOURC

The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of

The DMM can make three basic O FF

In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit

3.The time measurement between the 50% point on the

4.The time measurement between the 90% point on the

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is

6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency

7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form

8. A shift register is an example of a

9.A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to

10.For most digital work, an oscilloscope should be coupled

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