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Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Recap Logic Gates
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Course Outcome
1. Explain number systems, codes, digital arithmetic operation
and circuits.
2. Use Boolean algebra and Karnaugh Maps to minimize
Boolean expressions for the design of digital logic circuits.
3. Explain and use flip-flops, latches, counters, multiplexers and
de-multiplexers.
4. Design and construct combinational digital logic circuits
using appropriate logic design techniques.
5. Design and construct synchronous sequential digital logic
circuits using appropriate logic design techniques.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Learning Outcome
1. Apply the basic laws and rules of Boolean algebra
2. Apply DeMorgan’s theorems to Boolean expressions
3. Describe gate combinations with Boolean expressions
4. Evaluate Boolean expressions
5. Simplify expressions by using the laws and rules of Boolean algebra
6. Convert any Boolean expression into a sum of-products (SOP) form
7. Convert any Boolean expression into a product of-sums (POS) form
8. Relate a Boolean expression to a truth table
9. Use a Karnaugh map to simplify Boolean expressions
10. Use a Karnaugh map to simplify truth table functions
11. Utilize “don’t care” conditions to simplify logic functions
12. Apply Boolean algebra and the Karnaugh map method in an
application
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Outline
1. Boolean Operations and Expressions
2. Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra
3. DeMorgan’s Theorems
4. Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits
5. Logic Simplification Using Boolean Algebra
6. Standard Forms of Boolean Expressions
7. Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables
8. The Karnaugh Map
9. Karnaugh Map SOP Minimization
10. Karnaugh Map POS Minimization
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Addition
In Boolean algebra, a variable is a symbol used to
represent an action, a condition, or data. A single
variable can only have a value of 1 or 0.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Addition
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Multiplication
In Boolean algebra, multiplication is equivalent to the AND
operation. The product of literals forms a product term. The
product term will be 1 only if all of the literals are 1.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Laws Rules of Boolean Algebra
Commutative Laws
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
1. A + 0 = A 7. A . A = A
2. A + 1 = 1 8. A . A = 0
. =
3. A 0 = 0 9. A = A
4. A . 1 = A 10. A + AB = A
5. A + A = A 11. A + AB = A + B
6. A + A = 1 12. (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
1. A + 0 = A
2. A + 1 = 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
3. A . 0 = 0
4. A . 1 = A
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
5. A + A = A
6. A + A = 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
7. A . A = A
8. A . A = 0
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
=
9. A = A
10. A + AB = A
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Rules of Boolean Algebra
11. A + AB = A + B
12. (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
DeMorgan’s Theorem
DeMorgan’s 1st Theorem
A A
AB A+B Inputs Output
B B
A B AB A + B
NAND Negative-OR 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
DeMorgan’s Theorem
DeMorgan’s 2nd Theorem
A A Inputs Output
A+B AB
B B
A B A + B AB
NOR Negative-AND 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
DeMorgan’s Theorem
Apply DeMorgan’s theorem to remove the
overbar covering both terms from the
expression X = C + D
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits
Combinational logic circuits can be analyzed by writing
the expression for each gate and combining the
expressions according to the rules for Boolean algebra.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Logic Simplification Using Boolean
Algebra
Using Boolean algebra techniques, simplify this expression:
AB + A(B + C) + B(B + C)
Step 1: Apply the distributive law to the second and third terms in the
expression, as follows: AB + AB + AC + BB + BC
Step 2: Apply rule 7 (BB = B) to the fourth term.
AB + AB + AC + B + BC
Step 3: Apply rule 5 (AB + AB = AB) to the first two terms.
AB + AC + B + BC
Step 4: Apply rule 10 (B + BC = B) to the last two terms.
AB + AC + B
Step 5: Apply rule 10 (AB + B = B) to the first and third terms.
B + AC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Sum-of-products and product-of-sums
Boolean expressions can be written in the sum-of-
products form (SOP) or in the product-of-sums form
(POS). These forms can simplify the implementation of
combinational logic. In both forms, an overbar cannot
extend over more than one variable.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
SOP Standard form
In SOP standard form, every variable in the domain
must appear in each term.
You can expand a nonstandard term to standard form by
multiplying the term by a term consisting of the sum of the missing
variable and its complement.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
POS Standard form
In POS standard form, every variable in the domain
must appear in each sum term of the expression.
You can expand a nonstandard POS expression to standard form
by adding the product of the missing variable and its complement
and applying rule 12, which states that (A + B)(A + C) = A + BC.
X = (A + B + C C)(A + B + C)
= (A +B + C )(A + B + C)(A + B + C)
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
The Karnaugh map (K-map) is a tool for simplifying
combinational logic with 3 or 4 variables. For 3
variables, 8 cells are required (23).
The map shown is for three
variables labeled A, B, and C. ABC ABC
Each cell represents one
ABC ABC
possible product term.
Each cell differs from an adjacent ABC ABC
cell by only one variable.
ABC ABC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
Cells are usually labeled using 0’s and 1’s to
represent the variable and its complement.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
Alternatively, cells can be labeled with the variable
letters. This makes it simple to read, but it takes
more time preparing the map.
CC CC
Read the terms for AB ABC
AB ABC
the yellow cells.
AB ABC
AB ABC ABC
AB ABC
AB ABC
ABC
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
K-maps can simplify combinational logic by grouping
cells and eliminating variables that change.
Group the 1’s on the map and read the minimum logic.
C 0 1
AB
1 1. Group the 1’s into two overlapping
00
B groups as indicated.
changes 01 1 1 2. Read each group by eliminating any
across variable that changes across a
this 11
boundary.
boundary
10 C
3. The vertical group is read AC.
changes 4. The horizontal group is read AB.
across
this X = AC +AB
boundary
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
A 4-variable map has an adjacent cell on each of its
four boundaries as shown.
Each cell is different only by
CD CD CD CD
one variable from an adjacent
AB
cell.
AB Grouping follows the rules
AB
given in the text.
The following slide shows an
AB
example of reading a four
variable map using binary
numbers for the variables…
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
Group the 1’s on the map and read the minimum logic.
C changes
across outer
boundary
CD
AB
00 01 11 10 1. Group the 1’s into two separate
00 1 1 groups as indicated.
B changes 2. Read each group by eliminating
01 1 1 any variable that changes across a
11 boundary.
1 1
B changes 3. The upper (yellow) group is read as
10 1 1 AD.
C changes
4. The lower (green) group is read as AD.
X
X = AD +AD
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Karnaugh maps
Group the 1’s in each of the Karnaugh maps below
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
b. X = A AB
c. X = B AB 1 1
d. X = B AB 1 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
b. X = A AB
c. X = B AB
d. X = B AB 1 1
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Quiz
Answers:
1. b 6. c
2. c 7. a
3. a 8. a
4. d 9. d
5. a
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved