Outlines

1. Introduction
1.1. Background

Final Project II
Energy efficiency through Air
Conditioner (AC) and Artificial Lighting
1.2. Issue
1.3 Location and Time
1.4 Research Question
1.4. Aim
2. Background Theory
2.1 The Sustainable Design of Cooling and Lighting
2.2 Passive Cooling Strategies through Shading, Window, and Glazing Types
2.3 Thermal Property in Material
2.4 Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)
2.5 Decreasing Room Temperature through Vertical Fin and Reflective Glass
2.6 General Thermal Comfort and Lighting Requirement
2.7 Cooling and Lighting Energy Consumption, Calculation and Efficiency
2.8 Summary of Literature Study

by Vertical Fins and Reflective Glass 3. Method

3.1 Research Framework
3.2. Data Collection
Application in S Building 3.3. Table Parameter
3.4 S Building Data
4. Analysis
4.1. S Building Exterior
4.2. Analysis of Facade Orientation in the S Building
4.3. Measurement of Temperature and Strength of Daylight and Artificial Lighting in
the 4th and 6th Floors and OTTV calculation on the Existing Building
5. Result & Discussion
5.1. Passive Design Strategy S Building Lighting and Temperature Measurement
Group B 5.2. Cooling and Lighting Energy Consumption Calculation
5.3. Table Parameter Result
5.4 Percentage Energy Decrease
Farah Muzakar 2106662765 6. Conclusion and Recommendations
Fifi Defiana 2106662771 6.1. Conclusion
6.2. Recommendations
Rr. Nurindah WS 2106662903 7. References

1
 1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The world's rapidly growing energy use has
created difficulties, depletion of energy resources and
severe environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion,
global warming, climate change, etc.). The global
contribution of buildings to energy consumption, both
residential and commercial, continues to rise to between
20% and 40% in developed countries, and outpaces other
major sectors: industry and transportation. The
increasing demand for building services and comfort
levels, together with increased time spent in buildings,
ensure the trend of increasing energy demand will
continue into the future. For this reason, energy efficiency
in buildings is currently a major goal of energy policy at
the regional, national and international levels. Among
building services, the growth in energy use of HVAC
systems has been particularly significant (50% of building
consumption and 20% of total consumption in the US).
(Lombard et al, 2008) Energy performance in buildings is
affected by many factors, such as ambient weather
conditions, building structure and characteristics,
operation of sub-level components such as lighting and
HVAC systems, occupancy and behavior. (Xiang Zhao
and Magoulès, 2012).
For the category of public buildings, after offices and commercial But in reality, artificial lighting is still used
buildings the third most energy-consuming is educational throughout the day, even though the classroom has wide
buildings. (Javid et al, 2019). Energy savings in educational windows. So S Building has consumed a lot of energy
buildings through building design will result in usage savings both from Air Conditioner (AC) and artificial lighting.
electricity, both for air conditioning, artificial lighting, and other
electrical equipment. As a result, as indicated in Greenship Home
in Energy Efficiency & Conservation points, it is important to
1.3 Location and Time
retrofit the façade relating to thermal and artificial lighting in order
The observation in this research was done in S Building,
to reduce energy use by up to 30%. Then, energy that can be
Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia (FTUI) on
saved through green buildings is up to 50 percent can help
Wednesday 25th May, Friday 27th May, and Saturday
prevent a global temperature rise of up to 1.5 degrees Celsius
28th May 2022.
like the Paris Agreement or the Paris Agreement in 2015. With
certain strategies, buildings can modify an uncomfortable outdoor 1.4 Research Question
climate to be comfortable without consuming a lot of electrical Is it possible to achieve target of 30% reduce energy
energy. from AC and artificial lighting in S Building by using a
1.2 Issue passive design strategy on the façade through
In S building, clear glass windows along the north and combination vertical fins and reflective glass ?
south sides cause the air temperature to rise in the classroom,
1.5 Research Aim
thus requiring the use of air conditioning (AC) which consumes
To find that strategy by using vertical fins and reflective
the greatest energy in the building to achieve thermal comfort.
glass can achieve target of reduce 30% energy
In the other hand, windows are also needed to allow maximum
consumption from Air Conditioner (AC) and artificial
daylight into the classroom to avoid using artificial light which
lighting in S Building.
consumes the greatest energy after Air Conditioner (AC).
2. Literature Study
2.1 The Sustainable design of Cooling and Lighting Table 1 The three Tier Design Approach

The sustainable design of heating, cooling, and lighting buildings can be more
easily accomplished by understanding the logic of the three-tier approach to
sustainable design. The first tier consists of all of the decisions that are made
in designing any building. In cooling, one of the design that can be applied is
shading and in lighting, can be applied by utilization of daylight with the basic
design of windows and glazing types. And finally in tier three consists of
designing the mechanical and electrical equipment to be as efficient as
possible. As shown in Figure 1, Tier three can be applied as the last effort to
improve the cooling and lighting quality [Lechner, Norbert, 2015]. Table 1
shows that The three Tier Design Approach

Figure 1.

Sustainable Architecture - Book Project 1 3

2. Literature Study
2.2 Passive Cooling Strategies through Shading, Window and Glazing types
2.2.1 Shading
Building facades are directly exposed to the external
environment. Different building facades are related to
varying indoor comfort and energy consumption levels
(Pengfei et al., 2021). The geometry of the shading device
must be designed according to the path movement of the
sun, which causes the design of different shapes and
different sizes for different orientations. Designers can use
building’s forms as self-shading approach that shades the
outside surface materials, windows, and glazed areas
(Freewan, 2019).As shown in figure 2.
Figure 2.
source : Lechner, 2015
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
Well-designed sun control and shading devices, either as
parts of a building or separately placed from a building facade,
can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling
requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of
building interiors. As shown in Figure 3, In general, the
horizontal shading device is more suitable for windows with
south and north orientation in where the angle of incidence of
sunlight is relatively high.
Figure 3.
source : Green Building User Guide (2015)
According to Lechner (2015), since an overhang cannot fully
shade east and west windows, it was assumed the vertical
fins would be a better option. In fact, vertical fins shade no
better than horizontal overhangs, and they obstruct the view
much more. Another problem with vertical fins is that they
reflect light into a building to the right and to the left while for
quality daylight, the light should be reflected up through the
window so that it is reflected off the ceiling.As shown in
Figure 3,
Figure 4.
source : Green Building User Guide (2015)
2. Literature Study
2.2.1.1 Decreasing Temperature from vertical fin 2.2.2 Window
2.2.1.2 Effective shading coefficient The proportion of the window area has a very
The effect of temperature on shading action is large influence on the cooling load because it determines
vertical fin shade R2 with tilt angle from 0° to 50°
generated from study by Wong Yuk in Singapore the total heat gain that enters into the building. This is
because the glass window can enter the heat inside the
Which has similar climate and weather as Depok.
building is much higher than the massive walls. Heat
The study shows that horizontal shading devices transfer through windows is approximately 40-130 times
reduce indoor temperature by 0.61 to 0.88 °C. The higher than the heat transfer through the walls. Even for
vertical shading device reduces the temperature by glass with the best SHGC available in the market, heat
0.98 °C in another study by Yang and Hwang [13], transfer through the window is still much higher than the
who investigated the influences of external shading brick wall. Therefore, heat transfer control through
on energy savings in a Taiwanese building. windows to reduce load cooling is an important factor, and
choosing the right glazing material is also critical to
passive design. According to Lechner (2015), transparent
Scenario of this paper is combination of vertical fin glazing comes in a variety of types: clear, tinted, reflective,
(additional) and horizontal shading (existing). and spectrally selective. The radiation that is not
Therefore, according to the literature studies, the transmitted is either absorbed or reflected off the surface.
effect of combination shading device can reduce The amount that is absorbed depends on the type of,
the temperature by 0.98 °C. additives to, and thickness of the glazing. The amount that
P = Overhang width is reflected depends on the nature of the surface and the
angle of incidence of the radiation.As shown in Figure 5
H= Window Height
W=Distance

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II Figure 5. Clear Glass

source : Lechner, 2015
 2. Literature Study
The total heat gain from the incident solar radiation consists of
both the transmitted and reradiated components. For clear
glazing, about 90 % of the incident solar radiation ends up as
heat gain. Although tinted glazing reduces the light
transmission, it usually does not decrease the heat gain by
much because much of the absorbed radiation is then
reradiated indoors.
Figure 6 Tinted Glass Figure 7 Reflective Glass
source : Lechner, 2015 source : Lechner, 2015
Glazing also blocks solar radiation by reflection. Reflective
glazing effectively blocks solar radiation without color
distortion. Reflective glass is available in a variety of
reflectances (50 percent in this example) in figure 6 and figure
7 glare and additional solar heating (Lechner, 2015).
Selective low-e glazing blocks solar heat more than solar
light. The combination of a low-e coating and heat-absorbing
outer pane blocks most of the solar infrared and only part of
the light. The transmission can be much less than the 45
percent (40 percent + 5 percent) shown by using an outer
pane that absorbs more light.
Figure 8. Selective Low E Glass
source : Lechner, 2015
From the explanation of the various types of glass,
reflective glazing can be extremely effective in blocking solar
radiation while still allowing a view. It blocked solar radiation
better than heat-absorbing glass, and did it without any color
distortion.
It did, however, greatly reduce the amount of light
entering the windows. Reflective glazing also mirrored
dramatic images of other buildings, trees, clouds.
Unfortunately, because it also reflects sunlight almost as
much as a mirror, neighbors can end up with unexpected
For the Indonesian climate with a temperature
difference between indoor and outdoor relatively small, fixing
the SHGC value will be more effective rather than increasing
the U-Value. Glass material with better performance with Low
SHGC value which can reach 0.2 is available globally.
However, this application is still very limited to certain
projects because of the high cost as shown in table 2
Table 2. SHGC Comparison
source : Green Building User Guide (2015)
Facade design features that can be applied as passive
cooling strategies are : proper window selection including
the use specific type of glass that can reflect solar
radiation and combination of vertical and horizontal
shading as it is most effective at blocking the sun.
2.2.3 Glazing
The figure 9 below shows that the proportion of WWR is a
significant contributor to a facade’s solar heat gain and
energy consumption. Based on Green Building User Guide
(2015), thermal properties, glass materials have various
characteristics difference, depending on the nature of the
transmission of solar radiation (solar transmittance),
absorption of solar radiation (solar absorptance), power
reflection of solar radiation (solar reflectance) and light
transmission (visible transmittance). The thermal
transmission characteristics of glass materials are
measured of the U-Value, for conduction, and the Solar
Heat Gain Coefficient (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient - SHGC)
or Shading Coefficient (Shading Coefficient - SC) for
radiation.
2. Literature Study
Figure 9.
source : Green Building User Guide (2015)
2.5.2 Decreasing Temperature from reflective glass
Reflective glass that is placed directly facing the
direction of the sun's rays can "reduce" the heat
intensity between 6.60C -9.8 0C or about 16%-23%.
Whereas the character of this glass, when in the
shaded area of ​the sun / not exposed to sunlight direct
sunlight, the character is not 'lowering' the temperature
of the environment, but instead its position is 'higher'
than its exterior temperature, which is an increase of
4% (Arafah & Prianto, 2018).
2.4 Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)
OTTV is a measure of the external heat gain
transmitted through the unit area of the building
envelope (W/m2) (Green Building Council Indonesia,
2017). There are three components of OTTV: wall
conductivity, window conductivity, and
radiation.
source : Green Building User Guide (2015)
α = Absorbtansi radiasi matahari
TDek = Equivalent Temperature Difference
(K)
Uf = Penetration thermal transfer (W/m2.K)
Uw = Opaque wall thermal transfer (W/m2.K)
SF = Solar Factor (W/m2)
SC = Shading Coefficient
WWR = Wall to Window Ratio
OTTV has three main element according to
SNI 03-6389 2000:
1) conductivity through a massive surface
such us wall, 2) conductivity through
window transparent surface such as glass, and
3) wall radiation through opening of the
building. Factors that affect OTTV are
variables that play an important and direct
role in the formulation of calculating the
OTTV value. The variables are shown in the
table below (Satria, 2018)
And according to SNI 6389:2020 concerning
Conservation of building envelope energy in
buildings The overall thermal transfer value
(OTTV) for building envelopes should not
exceed 35 W/m2.
2. Literature Study 2.6.2 Lighting Intensity Measurement
Measurements made to determine the intensity of lighting
2.6 General Thermal Comfort and Lighting Requirement on objects, work objects, equipment or machines and production
processes as well as certain work areas where the activities carried
2.6.1 Temperature Comfort according to SNI 03-6572-2001 “
out require different lighting intensities (SNI 7062:2019).
Procedures for designing ventilation and air conditioning systems on
For a room area of ​less than 50 sqm, the number of
buildings
measurement points is calculated by considering that one
Right temperature and air freshness are the most important about a building, (Griffiths, measurement point represents a maximum area of ​3 m2. The
1990). Freshness of air closely is related to the temperature (Croome & Gan, 1994). measurement point is the meeting point between two diagonal lines
According to SNI 03-6572-2001: length and width of the room.
a). Dry air temperature has a very large influence on the size of the heat released by
evaporation and by convection.
b). Thermal comfort areas for the tropics can be divided into:
- cool comfortable, between the effective temperature of 20.50C ~ 22.80C.
- optimal comfort, between the effective temperature of 22.80C ~ 25.80C.
- warm and comfortable, between the effective temperature of 25.80C ~ 27.10C.
2.6.2 Lighting Requirement according to SNI 03-6197-2000
“ Energy conservation in lighting systems “

Room area between 50 sqm to 100 sqm, the number of

measurement points is a minimum of 25 points, the measurement
point is the meeting point between two diagonal line length and
width of the room. While the area of ​the room is more than 100
sqm, the number of measurement points is at least 36 points, the
measurement point is the meeting point between two diagonal line
length and width of the room.
Measurements are made at the height of the tool sensor
0.8 m from the floor for measurements general lighting intensity.
Apart from manual measurement, Dialux software can be used the
for lighting simulation.
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
2. Literature Study
2.7 Cooling and Lighting Energy Consumption, 2.7.2 Lighting Energy Consumption Calculation through Artificial
Calculation and Efficiency Lighting
In general, artificial lighting systems in buildings in Indonesia consumes the
The energy requirement of the lighting is Pl = total power in watts consumed by
second largest energy, after the air cooling system [4].
also determined when issuing an energy
the all luminaires
performance certificate pursuant to the
European Energy Performance of Fo = If No automatic control is used,
Buildings Directive. The LENI (Lighting so the occupancy factor (Fo) = 1, but
Energy Numeric Indicator) stands for the
if controls turn off the lights within
actual energy consumption of a lighting
system in kWh per square metre and year. 20 minutes of the room being
The LENI is determined in accordance with empty, then Fo = 0,8
the specifications of the EN 15193
Fd =If no daylight, Fd = 1, but if area
standard (Energy performance of buildings
– Energy requirements for lighting) with adequate daylight Fd = 0,8
(Zumtobel, 2018). Formula for calculating Fc = Systems that control the lighting
a lighting installation’s energy
in this way have an Fc = 0,9 and those
Figure 10. Panduan Pengguna Bangunan Gedung Jakarta Vol. 3, Sistem Pencahayaan, consumption:
that do not have an Fc = 1
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta.
Total Energy (kWh) per square metre Td = annual hours of use by day
per year (LENI)
2.7.1 Cooling Energy Consumption Calculation through Air Tn = annual hours of use by night
Conditioner LENI = Ep + Ed + En / A A = floor area in square metre
Parasitic Energy Use (Ep)
W = Energy (Joule) If no lighting control system in S building,
P = Electrical Power (Watt) so the parasitic energy (Ep) is zero.
t = time (secon, hour) Daytime Energy Use (Ed)
R = Resistance (Ohm) Ed = Pl x Fo x Fd x Fc x Td / 1000 9
I = Kuat Arus Listrik (Ampere)
Night Energy Use (En)
V = Voltage (Volt)
https://idschool.net/
En = Pl x Fo x Fc x Tn / 1000
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
2. Literature Study

2.7.3 Cooling Energy Efficiency

It is estimated that by increase in temperature of room by 1 Daytime Energy Use (Ed) existing
degree Celsius, we can save about 6% of electricity. Ed = Pl x Fo x Fd x Fc x Td / 1000
Typically, room temperature is set between 20-21-degree
= Pl x 1 x 1 x 1 x Td / 1000
celsius whereas, as per standard comfort conditions, ideal
temperature is 24-25 degree Celsius. Considering change = Pl x Td / 1000
from 20-degree Celsius to 24- degree Celsius, there is =a
potential to increase at least 4 degrees Celsius, which will Daytime Energy Use (Ed) Efficiency
lead to savings of about 24% of electricity. Therefore, the
users will be able to save significant amount of energy (and Ed = Pl x Fo x Fd x Fc x Td / 1000
money) by running their air-conditioners at 24-degree = Pl x 0,8 x 0,8 x 0,9 x Td / 1000
Celsius. And by staying in the 24 degree celcius from 18
degree celcius, will save 19,2 % of energy used (kWh/day) = 0,576Pl x Td / 1000
(The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). = 0,576 a
= 57,6% a
2.7.4 Lighting Energy Efficiency
According to The LENI (Lighting Energy Numeric
Indicator), by optimizing daylight, automatic control (turn
The following factors have a positive impact on the off the lights within 20 minutes of the room being empty)
reduction of energy consumption [9] : and maintenance, can reduce 57,6% times lighting
● Sensible control of lighting energy consumption in Energy Daytime.
● Use of daylight
● Use of presence detectors
● Intelligent consideration of hours of use
● Energy-efficient lamps
● Need-based use of luminaires and lighting
solutions,
● Specified for the respective application
● Constant lighting control (maintenance 10
control)

Figure 11. Cooling Energy Efficiency, TERI

2. Literature Study

2.8 Summary of Literature Study

First Tier

Decrease OTTV
Heat Avoidance (shading) and Daylight
Sustainable Design of Vertical Fins and Decrease 1 degree
(Window and Glazing Types)
Reflective Glass temperature
Cooling and Lighting Optimum daylight

Last Tier

Air Conditioner (AC) and Artificial Lighting Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Target of 30
% from cooling and Lighting

Vertical fins and reflective glass as the application of the first tier in Sustainable design of cooling and lighting can decrease the OTTV and reduce 1 degrees celcius of temperature,
but they must still achieve the lighting quality from daylight. In other side, The use of Air Conditioner (AC) and artificial lighting as the last tier can be applied to improve the thermal
and lighting quality with the energy efficient condition. Finally, by the application of vertical and reflective glass can achieve the energy efficiency target of 30 % from Air Conditioner
(AC) and artificial lighting.

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

3. Method
3.1. Research Framework

Based on OTTV calculations, Lux measurements, and energy calculations before and after facade intervention, the research framework for this literature study is to achieve a 30%
energy reduction by retrofitting passive design strategy through intervention on the facade, by applying shading, and several other factors. Apart from the energy savings, the thermal
and visual comfort levels are maintained to the required standards. The outcomes of the façade intervention, which were simulated with Dialux and integrated with SNI's General Lighting
requirements, as well as the effects of the thermal intervention, were calculated using the OTTV. Calculating the energy used by lighting and air conditioners leads to this conclusion.

Background
Theories

● Sustainable Design ● shading, OTTV calculation Result and

Passive Design Strategy through Facade

Cooling and LIghting

● window Discussion
● glazing types
● Passive Cooling

literature study
Strategies through
Shading, Window and Lux measurement intervention: fins on the building’s facade
Glazing types
Intervention

● Thermal Properties
Material
● OTTV
● Decreasing room Dialux simulation 30% energy decrease

temperature through
vertical fin and
reflective glass ● General Lighting
● General Thermal Requirement SNI 03-6197-
2000
Comfort and Lighting ● Energy Conservative for Energy Measurement
Requirement Lighting System SNI 6197-
● Cooling and Lighting 2020
● Procedure for Designing
Energy Consumption, Ventilation and AC Systems
Calculation and SNI 03-6572-2001 OTTV calculation, Conclusion and
Efficiency Dialux simulation Recommendation
result, and energy
calculation
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
3.2. Data Collection
Figure 13. Sun Figure 14. Sun
Orientation at 10 am Orientation at 4 pm
Data retrieval in the classroom S building was
carried out to measure the OTTV of the building The time is chosen based on two factors:
with a glass replacement strategy and adding a teaching and learning activities, as well as
Fin type passive design, and the strength of
natural lighting that entered the classroom on maximum daylight at two separate
the north and south sides. periods (morning time and afternoon
http://andrewmarsh.com/apps/staging/sunpath3d.html
time).
Data collection was carried out by observing for
3 consecutive days, on Wednesday, Friday,
3.3. Table Parameter
and Saturday, May 25, May 27 and May 28 at
10 am and 3 pm, when the lights were off and Area Existing Existing Temper OTTV value using Energy
OTTV Lux ature reflective glass reduced
when the lights were on. The classroom were vertical fin (shading)
(AC +
artificial
chosen because they had three different areas P=......W=.... lighting)
and window orientations. As well as the timing,
according to Environmental Protection Agency North - -
(2021) nearly half of UV radiation is received
between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun’s South - -
rays are the strongest.
total - -
During the measurement, the weather around OTTV
the location was very sunny. In addition,
conducting a literature study from previous Room -
research regarding passive design for thermal S.401
comfort, natural lighting and artificial lighting in
classrooms, and strategies to reduce energy Rom -
S.403
use by up to 30%.
- Lux measurement by using Luxmeter
-
(mobile phone apps) Room
S.606
- Temperature measurement by using
Figure 12. Lux and Temperature
HOBO in the center of the class (80 data Collection Room -
cm from the floor) S.607
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
3.4. Building Data S
Figures ... and ... below show the view of the building from the south and
north

View from the south side View from the north side
Figure 15 Figure 16

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 Figure ... and figure ... below show the view of the
building from the south and north

View from the west side View from the East side
Figure 17 Figure 18

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

4. Analysis
4.1. S Building Exterior
Building S is a building that is designated as a lecture
hall. located within the Faculty of Engineering, next to
the smart building and close to the civil engineering
faculty building. consists of 6 floors, with classroom
capacities ranging from 40 people -70 people. all
rooms use air conditioning. In addition to utilizing
natural lighting, they also use artificial lighting as room
lighting..

In building S, the wall material is made of brick, Figure 19

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), some walls are
coated with exposed tarnished brick, structural
columns and some walls are painted with cream color.

Figures…. shows the side of the building facing south

and Figure …… shows the side of the building facing
north, next to the smart building,
. Seen on both sides of the building, the windows are
lined along the classroom with horizontal shading on
the 1st floor, 4th floor and 5th floor, 2nd floor, and 4th
floor without shading but getting shade from the
concrete slab on the floor above and the 6th floor from
the roof concrete slab. .
Figures…. showing the side of the building facing east
where on the first floor installed double doors with
reflective glass, 8mm thick and floors 2 to 6 floors
Figure 20
installed large windows also with 8mm thick reflective 16
glass.

Figure 21
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
4.2. North and South Orientation Analysis and interior conditions on classrooms on the 4th and 6th floors, in the S Building

4.2.1 Analysis on R.401 and R.403

North and South Orientation Analysis

on R.401 and R.403

Seen in the room, large windows

measuring 115x180 and 115x120,
without curtains and the sun's rays
enter the maximum, although the
distribution is not evenly distributed.
The color of the walls is white, the Figure 23. Classroom sample: 401
color of the floor is white, the stage is
made of cream colored HPL, table
furniture is made of cream wood,
chairs made of steel, upholstered in
black cloth, exposed concrete for
ceiling, lights using TKO 2x36 watts
there are 8 pieces in each room. And
there are 2 pieces AC 2pk in each
rooms.

As seen in the figure 23 and the 17

figure 24
Figure 22
Figure 24. Classroom sample: 403
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
4.2.2 Analysis on R.606 and R.607

North and South Orientation Analysis on

R.606 and R.607 (Figure…)

Seen in the room, the large windows

measuring 115x180 and 115x120, without
curtains and sunlight entering the
maximum, although the spread is not
evenly distributed. The color of the walls is
white, the color of the floor is white, the
stage of HPL is coffee brown, the table
furniture is made of cream wood, the Figure 26. Classroom sample: 606
chairs are made of iron, covered with
black cloth, exposed concrete for ceiling,
lamps using 2x36 watt TKO there are 8
pieces in R.606 and 6 pieces in R.607.
And there are 2 pieces AC 2pk in each
rooms.

As seen in figure.....and figure......

18
Figure 27. Classroom sample: 607
Figure 25
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
4.3 Measurement of temperature and strength of daylight and artificial lighting on the 4th and 6th floors and OTTV calculations on the existing building
4.3.1 Existing Temperature Measurement
HOBO result in classroom sample 401: HOBO result in classroom sample 403: HOBO result in classroom sample 607:

Date Time, GMT Date Time, GMT Date Time, GMT Temp,
No +0700 Temp, °C RH, % No +0700 Temp, °C RH, % No +0700 °C RH, %
1 2022-05-25 11.03.38 29,99 68,71 1 2022-05-25 10.41.31 30,47 69,97 2022-05-25
2 2022-05-25 11.08.38 29,97 68,85 2 2022-05-25 10.56.31 30,04 67,95 1 12.29.00 30,82 70,07
3 2022-05-25 11.13.38 29,94 69,14 3 2022-05-25 11.03.38 29,99 68,71 2022-05-25
4 2022-05-25 11.18.38 29,94 68,39 4 2022-05-25 11.08.38 29,97 68,85 2 12.39.00 31,33 65,31

5 2022-05-25 11.23.38 31,84 60,14 5 2022-05-25 11.13.38 29,94 69,14 2022-05-25

3 13.04.06 31,54 64,09
6 2022-05-25 11.28.38 27,8 48,44 Average 30,08 68,92
2022-05-25
7 2022-05-25 11.33.38 26,62 55,96 HOBO result in classroom sample 606:
4 13.14.06 30,39 59,53
8 2022-05-25 11.38.38 26,26 61,58
Date Time, GMT Avera
9 2022-05-25 11.43.38 26,11 66,04 No +0700 Temp, °C RH, % ge 31,02 64,75
10 2022-05-25 11.48.38 26,18 70,12 1 2022-05-25 12.10.39 30,52 83,16
11 2022-05-25 11.53.38 26,16 72,51 2 2022-05-25 12.15.39 30,09 74,91
Average 26,27 65,242 3 2022-05-25 12.20.32 30,29 74,13
4 2022-05-25 12.25.32 30,57 71,56
Average 30,37 75,94
Total average temperature = (26,27 + 30,08 + 30,37 + 31,02)/4 = 29,4 celcius

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

4.3.2 Measurement of daylight and artificial lighting on the 4th floor (R.401 and R.403) and 6th floor (R.606 and R.607)

The measurement of classroom R.401 and

R.403 on 4th floor was carried out with opened
curtain for both natural lighting and natural +
artificial lighting measurement.

Legend:

Figure 28

Measurement points for 4th fl

areas (in total 20 measurement
Figure 29 Figure
points)
Blue: A1-A4
Red : B1 -B4
Yellow : C1-C4
Green D1-D4
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II Orange E1-E4
The measurement of classroom R.606 and R.607 on 6th floor was carried out with opened curtain
for both natural lighting and natural + artificial lighting measurement.
Legend:

Figure 31

measurement points for 6th fl

areas (in total 24
measurement points)
Blue: A1-A4
Red : B1 -B4
Yellow : C1-C4
Figure 30
Green D1-D4
Orange E1-E4
Light Blue F1-F4

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

 4.3.3 The average existing condition of natural and artificial lighting is R.401, R.403, R.606, 607
The average lighting conditions at R.401, R.403, R.606, R.607 were measured for 3 days, when the weather was sunny at 10.00 WIB the average natural light ranged from
375 lux-592 lux above the standard that should be 350 lux , it gets bigger when artificial lighting is added, even on the 2nd day of measurement when the weather is very
sunny to 729lux. Likewise with the measurement at 15.00, the average natural light ranged from 375 lux-592 lux above the standard that should be 350 lux, the greater if
added artificial lighting. As seen in the table ... and diagrams .....
Table 4. Lux Measurement Table 10.00 Table 5. Lux Measurement Table 15.00
10.00 AM 15.00 AM

Natural Daylight (10.00 AM) Natural + Artificial Light (10.00 AM) Natural Daylight (15.00 PM) Natural + Artificial Light (15.00 PM)

25 May 27 May 28 May 25 May 27 May 28 May 25 May 27 May 28 May 25 May 27 May 28 May

S.401 154 592 100 S.401 305 729 420 S.401 153 344 118 S.401 311 363 212

S.403 215 387 121 S.403 316 476 415 S.403 163 205 107 S.403 311 315 255

S.606 249 375 242 S.606 312 465 583 S.606 227 333 242 S.606 319 369 478

S.607 209 412 201 S.607 299 460 308 S.607 181 433 117 S.607 312 427 218

Diagram 1. Diagram 2.
 Existing Lux Measurement Summary
Table 6. Existing Lux Measurement Summary
Lux Average in each Classroom Sample Even at the same hour and sample, the average lux of each
Rabu, 25 Mei 2022 classroom has varied results, both during the day and with artificial
10.00 am 03.00 pm light, but the difference is determined by the level of class height and
Classroom Sample
daylight artificial light daylight artificial light the weather outside the building. The weather in Depok was a little
cloudy on Wednesday, sunny on Friday, and cloudy and raining on
401 153,6 304,55 152,65 310,65
Saturday, resulting in the lowest average lux on Saturday, 99.75
403 215,2 316,45 162,75 311,2
Lux without using lights, and the highest Lux is when the
606 248,88 312,38 226,96 319,08 artificial lights were used at 729.1 Lux on Friday. can be seen in
607 208,71 299,21 181,08 311,92 the table …..below. From this measurements, it shows that
Jumat, 27 Mei 2022 actually in clear sky, classrooms still get sufficient daylight
10.00 am 03.00 pm without the need for artificial lighting, while in cloudy and rainy
Classroom Sample
daylight artificial light daylight artificial light sky, daylight is insufficient, so artificial lighting is needed.

401 519,85 729,1 343,75 363,4

403 386,65 476,3 205,05 314,6

606 375,29 465,46 332,67 368,96

607 411,54 460,42 432,5 427,29

Sabtu, 28 Mei 2022

10.00 am 03.00 pm
Classroom Sample
daylight artificial light daylight artificial light

401 99,75 420,05 118 211,5

403 120,55 414,5 107,45 254,55

606 241,75 583,08 241,92 477,5

607 200,1 308,21 116,75 218,25

 Table 8. Clear Glass Specification
4.3.4 S Building OTTV Calculation

The calculation shown in the table.... is the OTTV value

of building S based on the orientation of the building
(west, east, north, south) which is calculated based on
the heat of solar radiation that enters through the walls, Clear
Glass
roof and is transmitted through glass windows to each
room at each location. building floor.

Table 7. S Building Existing OTTV Calculation

OTTV Total (Existing) Table 9. S Building Existing OTTV Calculation Based On Facade Orientation

Lantai 1 12731,56 OTTV Total (Existing)

Timur Barat Selatan Utara

Lantai 2 11809,93
Lantai 1 1593,61 2196,00 4327,95 4614,00
Lantai 3 12527,35
Lantai 2 1595,47 1699,58 4327,95 4186,93
Lantai 4 12527,35
Lantai 3 1788,70 1883,62 4498,21 4356,81
Lantai 5 12816,23
Lantai 4 1788,70 1883,62 4498,21 4356,81
Lantai 6 12816,23
Lantai 5 1936,02 2025,19 4498,21 4356,81
75228,65224
Lantai 6 1936,02 2025,19 4498,21 4356,81
ū 32,27146275
Σ 10638,53208 11713,19603 26648,75478 26228,16935

ū 23,71707705 26,11288574 37,01215941 36,73413074

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

5. Result and Discussion Other strategies, vertical shading is added on the north and south to help reduce sunlight,
but still considering the ability to see the scenery outside the building.
5.1. Passive Design Strategy, Lighting and Temperature Measurement

The S building has more windows on the north and south sides than the east and west sides.
From the OTTV calculation, it can be seen that the north and south sides of the OTTV value
are larger. Therefore, to reduce solar radiation, it is necessary to apply additional external
shading and replace the glass material which has a low coefficient of solar heat gain on the
north and south sides.

The north and south windows are replaced with 8mm reflective glass of the same type
as the east side windows, in order to reduce sunlight entering and other benefits can
reduce room temperature.

Replacing existing glass with other types of glass New Stopsol Supersilver Euro Grey
(SSGEF), with Shading coeff 0,51. The thickness of 8mm reflective glass and has a Shading
Coefficient of 0.51
Reflective glass is glass coated with metal on one side to increase the reflection of heat and
light. This type of glass has advantages in its aesthetics and reduces heat and glare on the
exterior of the building. Glass type it can also reduce the load on the air conditioner. This type
of glass is used in building facades and in other parts that require protection from sunlight. Figure 32. Vertical Shading
(Lestari and Alhamdani,2014) source : Green Building User Guide (2015) and SNI 6389-2020

Table 10. Clear Glass Specification

Perforated metal is made of sheet iron. durability and usage time which is much longer when
compared to other materials, flame retardant, this material is very friendly to the environment
and will not be friendly because it can still go through the recycling process

On the north and south sides, all windows on the 4th and 6th floors will be added with vertical
shading that can be opened and closed as needed. Shading vertical materials using aluminum
metal perforated.
The consideration is only on the 4th and 6th floors, because on the two floors there are no
longer any vegetation or building barriers and all the windows are not designed using a
canopy. so that the heat of the sun makes the temperature in the room on the floor hotter than
the floor below it. On the 5th floor, all the windows have used concrete canopies that are
painted white, while the 1st, 2nd and 3rd floors are still more shady because they can still be
shaded from the environmental vegetation.

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

5.1.1 Fins as a Passive Design Strategy Picture…… is an example of installing vertical shading on windows for floors
4 and 6. Effective shade according to (SNI 6389_2020), According to the
standard SNI 6389_2020 a good angle of inclination ranges from 0 ° to d.
50°. Using aluminum metal sheet material, because the advantage is that
aluminum has good UV resistance, fire resistance, the effect material is
not easy to fade. low maintenance

The vertical fin shade is designed to be opened and closed.

The advantage is that the user can adjust the intensity of light and air that
enters the room

On the north and south sides, the 1st floor, 3rd floor and 5th floor, there is a
horizontal protruding shade according to the size of the window
● Slope 30°
● 90cmx180cmx10cm
Figure 33 ● 90cmx120cmx10cm,
additional vertical shading:
● slope angle = 30 °
● width = 100 cm
● height = 250 cm
● Distance between Fin= 140 cm (for 6th floor)
● Distance between Fin= 180 cm (for 4th floor)
140 cm
Effective Shading Coeff 4th Fl Effective Shading Coeff 6th Fl

180 cm R1 = P 100 R1 = P 100

--------= -------=0,87 --------= -------=0,87
The fins on the 6th floor are arranged
at a close distance of 140 cm in order H 115 H 115
to limit the intensity of light and heat R2 = P 100 R2 = P 100
entering the classroom, but the fins on -------- =-------= 0,55 -------- =-------= 0,71
the 4th level are set at a distance of W 180 W 140
Figure 34
180 cm, allowing for more light to
Table A.13) SNI = 0,657 Table A.13) SNI = 0,657
enter the classroom.
 Table 10. OTTV Total (Existing)

OTTV Total (Existing) Timur Barat Selatan Utara

5.1.2 OTTV Calculation after Retrofitting the
Lantai 1 12731,56 Lantai 1 1593,61 2196,00 4327,95 4614,00
Facade through Fins and Glass Materials
Lantai 2 11809,93 Lantai 2 1595,47 1699,58 4327,95 4186,93

On the table…. shows that before modifications Lantai 3 12527,35 Lantai 3 1788,70 1883,62 4498,21 4356,81
were made to the 4th and 6th floors, the OTTV Lantai 4 12527,35 Lantai 4 1788,70 1883,62 4498,21 4356,81
value on the south side was 37.0W/m2 and the
north side 38.734W/m2. The OTTV value of the Lantai 5 12816,23 Lantai 5 1936,02 2025,19 4498,21 4356,81
existing building is 32,27W/m.
Lantai 6 12816,23 Lantai 6 1936,02 2025,19 4498,21 4356,81
The table ….. shows that:
● After adding vertical shading and changing 75228,65224 Σ 10638,53208 11713,19603 26648,75478 26228,16935
glass material on the 4th and 6th floors
ū 32,27146275 ū 23,71707705 26,11288574 37,01215941 36,73413074
with Stopsol Supersilver, the OTTV value
on the south side becomes 34.52W/m2 OTTV Total (Modifikasi)
and the north side is 34,215W/m2 and the Table 11.
OTTV value of the building decreases is OTTV Total (Modifikasi)
Timur Barat Selatan Utara
30.72 W/m2, or value decreased by 5%
Lantai 1 1593,61 2196,00 4327,95 4614,00
● OTTV value based on orientation on the Lantai 1 12731,56
south side decreased by around 7.2%
Lantai 2 11809,93 Lantai 2 1595,47 1699,58 4327,95 4186,93
● OTTV value based on orientation on the
north side decreased by around 7,36% Lantai 3 12527,35 Lantai 3 1788,70 1883,62 4498,21 4356,81

Lantai 4 10734,26 Lantai 4 1788,70 1883,62 3603,97 3457,96

Lantai 5 12816,23 Lantai 5 1936,02 2025,19 4498,21 4356,81

Lantai 6 11022,32 Lantai 6 1936,02 2025,19 3603,56 3457,55

Σ 71641,65857 Σ 10638,53208 11713,19603 24859,86848 24430,06199

ū 30,73272014 ū 23,71707705 26,11288574 34,5275951 34,21577309

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
5.1.3 Dialux Simulation after Retrofitting the Facade through Fins

401 403

After placing the fins at a distance of 180 cm in the sample classroom on the 4th floor, the daylight in the north exceeds the Dialux standard, which is 871
lx from 500 lx, but it is below the Dialux standard, which is 359 lx, but still meets the SNI requirement, which is a minimum value of 350 lx.

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

5.1.3 Dialux Simulation after Retrofitting the Facade through Fins

606 607

Similar to the sample classrooms on the 4th floor, the daylight in the 6th floor classrooms after installing the fins with a distance of 140 cm exceeds the
standard in the Dialux simulation, which is 1027 lx from 500 lx because there are no trees or other buildings blocking the sun, but it is below the Dialux
standard of 397 lx but still meets the SNI standard, which is a minimum value of 350 lx in the southern part.
From these simulations, they show that retrofitting the facade through fins still can fulfill the lux measurement standard through daylight in condition of
sunny day, but in overcast and rainy, the classrooms need artificial lighting to improve the lighting quality.

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II

5.2 Cooling and Lighting Energy Consumption Calculation

5.2.1 Cooling Energy Consumption Calculation 5.2.2 Lighting Energy Consumption Calculation

Spesifikasi AC Sharp 1 Pk AH-A9UCY 5.2.2.1 Existing 5.2.2.2 Just in case of Overcast and Rainy day

● Tipe: AC Split 2 unit per classroom, @ 2 pk Parasitic Energy Use (Ep) Parasitic Energy Use (Ep)
No lighting control system in S building, so the parasitic energy (Ep) No lighting control system in S building, so the parasitic energy
● Konsumsi Daya: 1920 Watt. (Ep) is zero.
is zero.
● Kapasitas Pendinginan: 14000 BTU/h.
Daytime Energy Use (Ed) Daytime Energy Use (Ed)
Ed = Pl x Fo x Fd x Fc x Td / 1000 Ed = Pl x Fo x Fd x Fc x Td / 1000
Energy Consumption Calculation
= (2x36x30) x 1 x 0,8 x 1 x (8 hours x 3 days) / 1000 = (2x36x30) x 1 x 1 x 1 x (8 hours x 2 day) / 1000
W=Pxt
= 41.472 /1000 = 34.560 /1000
= 1920 watt x 8 hours = 34,56 kWh
= 41,472 kWh
= 15.360 watt hours
= 15,36 kWh/day Pl = total power in watts consumed by the all luminaires Pl = total power in watts consumed by the all luminaires
Fo = with automatic control, so the occupancy factor (Fo) = 1
= 46,08 kWh/3days x 8 unit Fo = No automatic control is used, so the occupancy factor (Fo) = 1
Fd = areas with adequate daylight Fd = 0,8 Fd = areas with adequate daylight Fd = 1
= 368,64 kWh
Fc = maintenance factor, assumed no maintenance, so Fc = 1 Fc = maintenance factor, Fc = 1

Td = annual hours of use by day Td = annual hours of use by day

Energy saving
by increase in temperature of room from 18 to 24, we Night Energy Use (En)
Night Energy Use (En)
can save about 19,2% of energy : The building is assumed not occupied by night, so the Night
The building is assumed not occupied by night, so the Night Energy
Energy Use (En) is zero
Use (En) is zero
E = 368,64 - (19,2% x 368,64)
= 368,64 - 70,7
Total Energy (kWh) per square metre per year (LENI)
= 297,94 kWh Total Energy (kWh) per square metre per year (LENI)
LENI = Ep + Ed + En / A
LENI = Ep + Ed + En / A
= (0 + 34,56 + 0) / 272 m2
= (0 + 41,472 + 0) / 272 m2
= 0,13 kWh/m2/year
= 0,15 kWh/m2/year
Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
Total Energy Saving = 16,67 %
5.3 Table Parameter Result
Table 12. Table Parameter Result
Area Existing OTTV Existing Lux Temperature Existing OTTV value using reflective glass Energy reduced
vertical fin (shading) P=......W=....

North 36.73 - -

South 37.01 - -

total OTTV 32.27 - -

Room S.401 -

Rom S.403 -

Room S.606 -

Room S.607 -

Area OTTV after Retrofitting the Lux after Retrofitting Temperature after OTTV value using reflective glass Energy reduced
Facade the Facade Retrofitting the Facade vertical fin (shading) P=......W=....

North 36.73 - -

South 37.01 - -

total OTTV 32.27 - -

Room S.401 -

Rom S.403 -

Room S.606 -

Room S.607 -
5.4 Percentage Energy Decrease

Table 13. Percentage Energy Decrease

Existing Temperature temperature 29,44

(average Celcius and RH)
RH 68,71%

Existing Lux natural daylight 245,00

(average Lux)
daylight + artificial light 374,08

Energy Consumption 41,47 kWh 368,64 kWh

(Kw/h)

Temperature after Retrofitting temperature

the Facade through Fins
(average Celcius)

Lux after Retrofitting the natural daylight 28,46

Facade through Fins
(average Lux)
daylight + artificial light 663,5

Energy Consumption after 34,56 kWh 297,94 kWh

Retrofitting
(Kw/h)

Percentage Energy Saving 16,67% 19,2% TOTAL ENERGY SAVING 35,87%

Sustainable Architecture - Final Project II
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
6.1 Conclusion

Passive design through vertical fins and reflective glass can reduce OTTV by about 4 points, from 37 W/m2 to 34.52 W/m2 in the north and in the southern part of the
OTTV building it also decreases by as much as 4 points, from 38,734 W/m2 to 34,215 W /m2. This intervention on the facade of the building can also reduce the
temperature in the room by about 1 degree Celsius, so that the air conditioner temperature does not need to be set too cold, and changing the air conditioner
temperature from 18 degrees to 24 can save AC energy up to 19.2%, from 368.64 kWh to 297.94 kWh during the 3 day measurement period. In addition, the use of
vertical fins and reflective materials can also optimize daylight so that it does not require artificial lighting in clear sky conditions, while in cloudy and rainy conditions,
artificial lighting is needed to improve lighting quality. By only using artificial lighting in cloudy and rainy conditions, it can reduce energy consumption by 16.67%,
where with daylight optimization, using automation and maintenance of lighting can reduce energy by more than half, which is 57.6%. And in the end, the total energy
that can be saved through air conditioning and artificial lighting is 35.87%, thus achieving the energy reduction target of 30% from Greenship Home in Energy
Efficiency & Conservation points.
However, data collection for lighting and temperature is still insufficient; to attain the maximum number in terms of lighting and temperature, a yearly average is
required.

6.2 Recommendations

For more reliable results, this study might be expanded in another sample classroom on a different side of the building with a longer collection interval. However, the type
of sampling building and the climatic circumstances must also be considered.
To maximize the reduction in energy consumption for lighting and air conditioning, developments in passive design strategy through façade intervention with fins can be
produced by adjusting the material, orientation, size, and angle fins according to the needs of the structure.
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