7.Unit-Vii-physiology & Injuries in Sports-Xi

PHYSICAL EDUCATION (THEORY)-STD.
XII
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Physiology & Injuries

in Sports
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PHYSIOLOGY & INJURIES IN SPORTS
OVERVIEW
 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTOR DETERMINING
COMPONENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DUE TO AGING
 SPORTS INJURIES: CLASSIFICATION

(SOFT TISSUE INJURIES: ( ABRASION, CONTUSION,
LACERATION, INCISION, SPRAIN & STRAIN), BONE &
JOINT INJURIES: (DISLOCATION, FRACTURES: STRESS
FACTURE, GREEN STICK, COMMUNATED, TRANSVERSE
OBLIQUE IMPACTED)
CAUSES, PREVENTION & TREATMENT
 FIRST AID – AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

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7.1
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Physiology
Factors
Determining
Strength
Muscle Intensity of the

Size of the Muscle Body Weight
Composition Nerve Impulse
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Physiological Factors Determining Strength
1. Muscle size: Bigger and larger muscles can produce
more force. Males have larger muscles than females so
the size muscles and strong can be improved with the
help of weight training.
2. Body weight: The individuals who are heavier are
stronger then the individuals who are lighter for example
the heavier weight lifters than the Gymnastic or other
games players.
3. Muscle composition: The muscles which have
more percentage of fast twitch fibres can produce more
strength while the slow twitch fibres are not capable to
contract faster but they are capable to contract for a
longer duration. The percentage of fast twitch fibres and
slow twitch fibres is genetically determined and can not be changed through training.
4. Intensity of the never impulse: When a stronger
nerve impulse from central nervous system excite
more number of motor units, the muscles will contract
more strongly or it can side that the muscle will produce
more force or strength.
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Physiology
Factors
determining
Speed
Bio-chemical
Mobility of the Muscle
Explosive Strength Flexibility Reserves &
Nervous System Composition
Metabolic Power
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Physiological Factors Determining Speed
1. Explosive strength- For every quick and explosive movement,
explosive strength is indispensable. Like, a quick punch in boxing can
not be delivered if the boxer lacks explosive strength. Explosive strength
further depends on muscle composition, muscle size, and muscle coordination.
2. Muscle composition- The muscle which have more fast twitch

fibres. They can do more speed. The muscle composition is genetically
determined. We will improve it only by some training methods.
3. Mobility of nervous system- Motor and sensory nerves of

nervous system can be determined by the mobility of nervous
system. By training only we can limited extent in the mobility of
nervous system because speed is determined to a great extent by genetic factors.
4. Elasticity and Relaxing capacity of muscle- Through the

elasticity of muscle, muscle can move to a maximum range which
reduces the inner hurdles and is instrumental in speeding up the
activity. The muscles which get relaxed soon, they contract easily.
5. Bio-chemical Reserves and Metabolic Power- For doing the

exercises which are done quickly muscles need more energy. This energy
in our muscles is obtained through the presence of phosphorus (ATP) and
creating phosphate (CP). The percentage of power and quantity in ATP
and CP can be increased through training.
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Physiology
Factors
determining
endurance
Lactic Acid Movement Muscle

Aerobic Capacity
Tolerance Economy Composition
Oxygen Intake Oxygen Transport Oxygen Uptake Energy Resources

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Aerobic capacity: * oxygen intake * oxygen uptake * oxygen transport * Energy Reserve
Anaerobic capacity : – Storage in body of ATP and CP (phosphogen stock)
– Buffer capacity - in muscles lactic acid accumulation ineffective – Endurance of lactic
acid
– VO2 max. This is the quantity of oxygen, which active muscles use during exercise in
one minute
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Physiological Factors Determining Endurance
Aerobic Oxygen Oxygen

Capacity intake & uptake Transport
Energy Lactic Acid Movement Muscle

Reserves Tolerance Economy composition
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Physiology
Factors
determining
Flexibility
Internal
Muscle Strength Age and Gender Previous Injury
Environment
Strecthability of
Joint Structure
Muscles
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Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility
1. Muscle strength:- The muscle should have minimum
level of strength to make the movement, specially against the
gravity or external force.
2. Joint structure:- There are different types of joint in human
body, some of the joints intrinsically have greater range of motion
than others. For example. The ball and socket joint of the shoulder
has the greatest range of motion in comparison to the knee joint.
3. Internal environment:- Internal environment of athlete influences
the flexibility. For example-warm bath increases body temperature and
flexibility whereas 10 minutes outside stay in 10°c temperature
reduces the body temperature and flexibility.
4. Injury:- Injuries to connecting tissues and muscles can lead to
thickening or fibroc in on the effected area. Fibrous tissues are
less elastic and can lead to limb shortening and lead to reduce flexibility.
5. Age and gender:- Flexibility decreases with the advancement
of age. However it is trainable. It can be enhanced with the help of
training, as strength and endurance are enhanced. Gender also
determine the flexibility. Females tend to be more flexible than male.
6. Active and sedentary life style:- Regular activities enhance
the flexibility, whereas inactive individual looses flexibility due to
the soft tissues and joints shrinking and loosing extensibility.
7. Heredity:- Bony structures of joints length and flexibilities of
the joint capsules and surrounding ligaments are genetically
and can be altered by stretching programs.
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7.2 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON

CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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 Decrease in basic heat rate  Increase the efficiency of heart rate 
Increase the heart size and weight  Increase cardiac output and stroke volume 
Increase number of capillaries  Decrease cholesterol level
 Increase blood flow in the body  Decrease in Rate of Respiration
 Strengthens Diaphragm and muscles  Passive Alveolus become Active
 Increase in size of lungs and chest  Increase in vital air capacity
 Prevention form Diseases  Delay in second wind  Increase stroke
volume  Strong will power  Increase Tidal capacity 
Fast recovery period
 Increase in Endurance  Increase blood pressure  Delay fatigue
Increase in heart rate:- When an individual starts exercise, his

heart rate increases as per the intensity and duration of exercise.
Increase in stroke volume:- Stroke volume increases

proportionally with exercise intensity. It is measured in ml/ beat.
Increase in cardiac output:- Cardiac output increases

proportionally with the intensity of exercise’s is measured in ltr/ minute.
Increase in Residual air volume:- Due to regular exercise

increases the capacity of residual volume from normal capacity.
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Increases in blood flow:- Cardio-vascular can be distribute

more blood to those tissues which have more demand and l
ess blood & those tissues which have less demand for oxygen.
Increase in blood pressure:- During the exercise, systolic
blood pressure can increase while diastolic blood pressure usually
remains unchanged even during the intensive exercise.
Increase in vital air capacity:- It is the amount of air which an
individual can inhale and exhale with maximum effect. its capacity
varies from 3500 cc. Due to exercise its capacity increases up to 5500 cc.
Passive Alveolus become Active:- Regular exercise
activates the unused alveolus because much amount of 02
is required in prolonged exercise of daily routine.
Minute volume decrease:- Decrease the volume of oxygen in per minute.
Second wind almost finished:- Due to regular exercise
need of second wind is almost finished.
Increase Endurance:- If exercise is performed regularly and
for a longer period, it increases endurance. An activity can be
done for a longer period without taking any rest.
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7.3
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3. Muscle Remains in
Tone Position
4. Controls Extra Fat
5. Change in
Connective
Tissues
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6.
7.
8. Increases Food
Storage:
9. Exercise and its
Health Benefits:
10. Non-functioning
fibres become Active
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11.
12.
13.
14. Improves
Reaction Time
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EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

“Muscle is a specialized tissue, which enables the body and its part to
move and give shape to the body” - Effects of Exercise.....
– Change in shape and size of muscle – Muscle hypertrophy

– More energy supply to muscle – Improve in reaction time
– Capitalization – Reduction fat
– Muscular endurance – Posture
– Controls extra fat – Delays fatigue
– Increase food storage – Strength and speed
1. Increase in shape of muscles 2. Formation of new capillaries

3. Muscles Remain in tone Position 4. Increase in Activeness of fibres
5. Correct body posture 6. Improves Reaction time
7. Reduction in extra fat 8. Efficiency in muscle movements
9. Increase in strength of connective tissues 10.Delay fatigue
11.Enhances body figure 12.Excercise prevents diseases
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EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

1. Muscle Hypertrophy:- Due to regular exercise a
good growth in size of muscles.
2. Capillaristion:- Increase the number of capillaries
due to regular exercise and the colour will be dark red.
3. Control Extra fat:- Regular exercise controls the extra
fat of body. Exercises burn the extra calories.
4. Delay fatigue:- Regular exercise delay fatigue. This
fatigue is mainly due to formation of carbon dioxide,
lactic acid and acid phosphate.
5. Posture:- Regular exercise helps in improving posture
by improving postural deformities.
6. Strength and speed:- Regular exercise improve the
strength and speed muscle cells.
7. Increases food storage:- The food storage capacity is
increased when regular exercise are done. This storage
of food can be utilised immediately when it is needed.
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7.4 due
to
7.4
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Physiological Changes due to Ageing

“Ageing is a gradual and continuous irreversible process that results in
structural and functional alternation”
- Change in the capacity of Respiratory system. - Decrease Bone density.
- Decrease the capacity of Cardio - vascular system. - Change in nervous system
- Decrease in Metabolism rate. - loss in senses.
- low capacity of digestive system - Flexibility decrease.
- Physical activities slows down
Ageing in its broadest sense is the continuous and irreversible decline in the efficient
of various physiological functions. These change are noticeable usually after 30’s.
Symptom effect of Ageing
Heredity Environment
– Food
– Social and Economic condition
– Exercise
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Physiological Changes due to Ageing

1. Muscular system:- Decrease the muscle Mass strength
2. Change in nervous system:- Loss of sense like Ear, Nose, smell power - Capacity of
doing work by (CNS) central nervous system also reduced to receive & transmit information.
3. Digestive system:- Decrease in metabolism of body composition - Reduction in HCL

acid, saliva, digestive enzymes and size of salivary glands.
4. Skeleton system:- Decrease bone density - Less bone density can result in
osteoporosis which may lead to fracture - Collagen vascular disease
5. Change in cardio- vascular system:- Weakness in cardio-vascular muscles -

Reduction in stroke volume, cardiac-output, and blood volume - Blood vessels also lose their
elasticity - Feeling of fatigue
6. Change in respiratory system:- Decrease in work efficiency of lungs in advancing age

- The airways and lung tissues become less elastic - Decrease oxygen uptake, oxygen
exchange - Muscles of ribcage become weak
7. Decrease physical fitness component Like:- Strength, speed, flexibility, endurance

co-ordination and activeness.
8. Change in Urinary system:- Mass of the kidneys decreases for that reduction in the
rate of blood filtration. - Increase in residual urine.
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7.5
Treatment
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Injuries in Sports
OVER VIEW
Sports Injuries:
Classification: Soft Tissue Injuries:
(Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration,
Incision, Sprain & Strain)
Bone & Joint Injuries:

(Dislocation
Fractures: Stress Fracture, Green Stick,
comminute, Transverse, Oblique & Impacted)
Causes, Prevention & Treatment.

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Injuries in Sports
Sports Injuries: Classification,
causes & prevention sports injuries
are “those Injuries which usually
occur to be the Sports persons
during training or sports
competitions.”
Sports injuries are the stage/

Situation of a sports person in
which he/she is not Able to
participate in the physical/
Sports Events with same
speed or strength. So time
she/he should not able to
perform in the event.
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Injuries in Sports
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SPORTS INJURIES
 Sports Injuries are those injuries which are common in the field of
games and sports. During practice or competition player can be injured.
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TWO TYPES OF SPORTS INJURY
 Acute Injuries: are the  Chronic or Overuse

result of a sudden stress Injuries: are caused by
on the body. For over training,
example, a dislocated insufficient recover
shoulder caused by a time, poor technique
tackle in rugby. and badly designed
footwear or equipment.
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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
 Soft tissue is basically  Closed
anything that isn't bone! So
muscles, ligaments,  Closed injuries happen when the skin stays
tendons, skin, cartilage etc. intact, and the injury is underneath the skin.
Soft tissue injuries can be
either chronic or acute. They  EXAMPLES
can also be open or closed  Sprains - ligament damage. Ligaments attach
 Open bones to bones and keep a joint together.
 Open injuries are when the Sprains can occur as a result of a violent twisting
skin is broken through cuts, or side-ways movement to the joint (such as
grazes etc when you roll the ankle over and sprain it)
 Strains - muscle damage. These are also

known as pulled muscles and can vary in
severity with some only causing minor damage
and other tearing the whole muscle (a rupture)!
These are usually caused by overstretching. The
hamstrings are the most common example
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SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
 Bruising - bleeding  Cartilage tears - cartilage within the
underneath the skin. This knee is most commonly injured. This
usually happens as a result happens through violent twisting or
of an impact such as being
impacts which force the knee out of
hit with a cricket ball
line
Dislocations - a bone is pulled away from the normal

joint position. The most common example is the shoulder,
where the humerus (arm bone) is pulled out of the socket.
This can cause damage to the surrounding soft tissues
and must be scanned with an MRI before being
repositioned
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Soft Tissue Injuries

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CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS INJURIES (Soft tissue injury)
A. Skin injury- contusion, Abrasion, Laceration, Incision
B. Muscles injury- Sprain & strain.
CONTUSION: It is a muscle injury. SPRAIN: It is a ligament injury.

A direct hit or without any sports It may occurs due to over
equipment can be the main cause stretching or tearing of
of contusion. It can also due to ligament. Falling, Twisting or
minor accidents to the skin, getting hit can Force a point out
such as falling, bumping or being its normal position. This can cause
into something or being hit or kicked. ligaments around the joint to tear.
ABRASION: It is a key STRAIN: It is also a muscle

injury. It usually occurs injury. It can be mild as well
due to friction with certain as severe. It is caused due
equipment or fall over the to twisting or pulling
area where the bone is a muscle or tendon.
very close to the skin.
Laceration, tearing of the skin that results in an irregular wound. Lacerations

may be caused by injury with a sharp object or by impact injury from a blunt
object or force. They may occur anywhere on the body. In most cases, tissue
injury is minimal, and infections are uncommon. Minor lacerations (shallow,
small, not bleeding, and clean) may not require medical attention. Antibiotic
ointment and a bandage may be all that is needed. However, most lacerations
do require repair.
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TYPES OF FRACTURES
There are several types of fracture, each differing due to the age of the bone and
the type of impact, blow or pressure placed on it.
 Greenstick: A pressure or impact Closed fractures are more common
buckles or bends a bone but only and mean that the skin isn't broken
partially breaks it. This fracture is Open fractures involve the broken
common in the developing bones of end of the bone coming through the
young children, whose bones are quite
springy. skin
 All fractures usually cause bruising and swelling because of associated damage to
surrounding blood vessels. They are also very painful because nerves within the bone
are damaged
 A stress fracture is a thin crack in a bone, which can be caused by overuse and
continuous stress to the bone. These are common in the legs of runners and soldiers.
Stress fractures are the only form of chronic bone injury, all other fractures are acute
 Any suspected fracture should be x-rayed
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Bone Injuries
Greenstick fracture:- An incomplete fracture in which a bone bends and cracks. This
type of fracture usually occurs in children because their bone are soft and flexible.
Transverse fracture:- A fracture at a right angle to the bones axis or a straight break
right across a bone.
Oblique fracture:- A fracture is a stunted fracture that occurs when a force is applied
diagonally an angle to a bone’s long axis.
Impacted fracture:- It is loss of continuity in the structure of bones.
Stress fractures:- It is a crack in bone due to high impact physical activity.
Comminuted Fracture:- A fracture in which the bone fragments.
causes of fracture
Fracture usually occurs due to a high impact on the bone. It can be caused by
overuse.
The most common causes of fracture are:
1. In such sports events where there is a high impact.
2. Traumatic, forceful and unnatural movements of the body.
3. Prolong long distance walking & running
4. Sudden falls on hard surface
5. Direct strike or hit with any solid sports equipment
6. Osteoporosis
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BONE INJURIES
Simple Fracture: It is a
Type of fracture without
Any wound, where the Green Stick Fracture: These
Bone is broken at one fractures are commonly seen
place. in children because their
bones are very delicate.
Compound Fracture: It is Whenever there is any stress
that type of fracture in which on the bone, it is bent.
the skin and muscles are
damaged along with the Transverse Fracture- A
fracture. fracture in which the break
is across the bone, at a right
Complicated Fracture: In angle to the long axis of the
this type of fracture, a bone bone. Adjoining figure would
is broken an damages the illustrate.
internal organs.
Oblique Fracture - Instead of break
Comminuted Fracture: When being at right angle, it goes in oblique
a bone is broken into three or direction to the long axis of the bone. The
more pieces, it is called fracture is confined to one plane. In other
Comminuted Fracture. words the bone has broken at an angle.-
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Impacted Fracture: When the end of STRESSED FRACTURE :- A stress
a fractured bone enters into other bone, fracture is an overuse injury. It occurs
it is called Impacted Fracture. when muscles become fatigued and are
unable to absorb added shock.
Eventually, the fatigued muscle transfers
the overload of stress to the bone causing
a tiny crack called a stress fracture. Most
stress fractures occur in the weight
bearing bones of the lower leg and the
foot. More than 50 percent of all stress
fractures occur in the lower leg.
CAUSES OF FRACTURE
Traumatic, Forceful and unnatural movements

Prolonged long distance walking or running
Sudden fall on hard surface
Direct strike or hit with any solid sports
equipment
Osteoporosis
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4. Dislocation of Wrist
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JOINT INJURIES
A fracture is a break or crack in the bone. Several types
of fractures exist, butfractures resulting in bone fragments
that penetrate the surface of the skin (called
compound fractures or open fractures) are particularly
dangerous.
 A Dislocation occurs when 2 bones are out of place at the
joint that connects them. The types of dislocations are
 Dislocation of Lower Jaw

 Dislocation of Shoulder Joint
 Dislocation of Hip Joint
 Dislocation of Wrist
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4. Dislocation of Wrist:- It happens when the player

falls resting in his/her palm during the sports activities.
A miscalculated landing can also be a cause of this.
In fact it generally occurs to a person who uses his
hand to brake his fall.
CAUSES OF SPORTS INJURIES

1. Improper Conditioning 2. Improper Warming up
3. Unscientific Way of Training 4. Lack of Fitness
5. Nutritional Inadequacy 6. Lack of Sports Facilities
7. Injudicious Officiating 8. Recurrence of Injury
9. Pressure of Competition 10. Overuse of Muscles
11. Carelessness during the Games
12. No use of Protective Equipments
13. Practice during the stage of Fatigue
14. Improper Sports Equipments
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JOINT INJURIES
1. Dislocation of Lower Jaw 2. Dislocation of Shoulder Joint

Generally it occurs when It may occur due to sudden jerk or
the chin strikes to any fall on hard surface. The
Other object. It may also end of the humerus
occur if mouth is opened Comes out from
excessively. the socket
3. Dislocation of Hip Joint 4. Dislocation Of Wrist

By putting maximum strength Generally it occurs to the person
spontaneously may cause who use his hand to
break his fall. It can
dislocation of hip joint.
be very painful.
The end of the femur is
displaced from the socket.
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 Improper Conditioning
 Unscientific way of training
 Lack of Fitness
 No use of protective equipment
 Practice during the stage of fatigue
 Pressure of competition
 Carelessness during the games
 Overuse of muscles
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Tips of Preventing of Sports Injuries

11. Equipments should be appropriate and safe to
use.
16. Shower and change your dress immediately
after cool down to maintain hygiene.
18. Stay away from infectious areas when training
or competition very hard.
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PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES
 Proper Warming & conditioning

 Balanced Diet
 Proper Knowledge of sports skills
 Proper Sports Facilities
 Don’t do overtraining
 Use of Proper Technique
 Obeying the rules
 Medical check before activity.
 Consider sports ethics.
 Follow the safety rule.

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7.5 TREATMENT
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HOW TO AVOID CHRONIC
INJURIES
 Develop correct  Follow heavy training
technique: Poor long days with light days. As
distance running your body adapts to
technique leads to back training it recovers, if
injuries. you don’t recover
you’ll gain no training
 Choose kit and adaptation.
equipment carefully,
especially footwear.
 Allow enough time for
full recovery between
training sessions and/or
events.
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HOW TO AVOID ACUTE INJURIES

 Consider the event itself: 1. Pay attention to advice
or warnings given by
 Make sure you play at the
coaches, referees and
right level for you. It can
be dangerous to play other officials.
against people who are
bigger, stronger or more
skilful.
 Know the rules of the
sport and obey them.
They were developed to
protect you as well as test
your skill.
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HEAD INJURIES
 You should place the person in the coma position making sure
they can breathe easily – check nose and mouth for blockages
– if they are not breathing you will need to follow CPR.
 CPR provides a trickle of oxygenated blood to the brain and
heart and keeps these organs alive. In other words, Cardio
Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) serves as an artificial
heartbeat and an artificial respirator until defibrillation can shock
the heart into a normal rhythm or emergency equipment arrives.
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BONE AND JOINT INJURIES

Fractured bones: Signs and Symptoms:
 A fracture is a break or crack in
 The casualty may have
a bone. In a SIMPLE or
CLOSED fracture the skin is heard or felt a snap.
not broken. In an OPEN or
 Pain and tenderness
COMPOUND fracture the skin
is damaged too. around the injury.
 The casualty cant move
the part normally.
 Swelling and bruising
occur.
 The limb may look
deformed and twisted.
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Treatment of Injuries
TREATMENT OF INJURIES TREATMENT OF INJURIES
TREATMENT OF INJURIES TREATMENT OF INJURIES

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TREATMENT OF INJURIES
Incision :
 If the would is not deep, allow the blood to come
out.
Wounds should be cleaned properly
Bandage it if required
Don’t allow dirt to enter inside
Dressing to be done
regularly
Doctor advice and
pain killer may be taken
TREATMENT OF INJURIES
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MANAGEMENT OF SOFT
TISSUE INJURIES
Soft Tissues
Injuries(skin)
Contusion Abrasion Laceration/Incision

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MANAGEMENT OF SOFT TISSUE

INJURIES(CONTD.)
Soft Tissues
Injuries
(Muscle)
Cramp Strain Sprain

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MICE PROCEDURE
MOBILISATION : Restriction of the movements

of the injured part to prevent further damage.
Ice : Application of Ice should continue for about

a week according to the severity of the injury.
Compression : Compress the injured part for

few days.
Elevation : Elevation of the injured part in order to

prevent swelling, hear and redness.
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RICE TREATMENT
 Standard treatment for soft tissue injuries is
R - REST
I - ICE
C - COMPRESSION
E - ELEVATION
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MANAGEMENT OF HARD TISSUE
INJURIES(BONE INJURIES)
Hard Tissue
Injuries(Bone
Injuries)
Dislocation Fracture
Open Fracture Close Fracture

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Injuries and First Aid
7. 6: FIRST-AID – AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this lesson is to learn about the

prevention techniques to the common
sporting injuries
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FIRST-AID
First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness
or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from
worsening, and / or promote recovery. “Three
Ps”– Preserve life, Prevent deterioration, Promote recovery.
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person
suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care
provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to
promote recovery.
First aid: “It is care that is give to an injured or sick

person prior to treatment by medically trained personnel.”
“First aid is a combination of some simple procedures

and the application of common sense to relief an injured person.”
It is an immediate & temporary care give to an injured or an accident or

sudden illness before the services of a physician as obtained.
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FIRST-AID
“Three Ps”– in treatment of first-aid

The primary goal of first aid is to prevent death or serious injury from
worsening. The key aims of first aid can be summarized as below:
◦ Preserve life:: The overriding aim of all medical care which includes
first aid, is to save lives and minimize the threat of death.
◦ Prevent further harm: Prevention of further harm
includes addressing both external factors, such as
moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and
applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of
the condition, such as applying pressure to stop
a bleed becoming dangerous.
◦ Promote recovery: First aid also involves trying to start the recovery
process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve
completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a
small wound.
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FIRST-AID
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AIM & OBJECTIVE OF FIRST-AID

 For learners to have knowledge and understanding of a
selection of different emergencies
 For the learner to be able to assist with emergencies that
they may come across in the workplace
 Understand the role and responsibilities of a first aider
 Know how to assess an incident
 Manage an unresponsive casualty who is breathing normally
 Manage and unresponsive casualty who is not breathing

normally
 Recognize and assist a casualty who is choking
 Manage a casualty who is wounded and bleeding
 Understand how to manage a casualty with a minor injury

UNIT-VII
AIM & OBJECTIVE OF FIRST-AID

Objectives of first aid
1. To preserve life:- Every possible effort is to
be done to save the life of a wounded person
or victim with the help of first aid
2. To alleviate pain & suffering:- All such initiative
to be taken to reduce pain particularly in case
of fracture or dislocation.
3. To prevent the condition from worsening:- all
possible steps to be taken to prevent the condition
from worsening till he/she reaches the doctor.
4. To promote recovery:- To start the process
of recovery as early as possible.
5. To procure Early medical Aid:- Provide medical
help as quick as possible. Avoid experimenting
for a longer period of time.
UNIT-VII
MEANING & PRINCIPLES OF FIRST-AID
 FIRST AID- It is the immediate and temporary care give

to the victim.
 PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
i. Immediate Aid
ii. Think about ABC
iii. Stop Bleeding
iv. Crowd kept away
v. Wrap the Injured in Cloth/Blanket
vi. Sympathetic Attitude
vii. Fluids should not be given to the unconscious person
viii. Medical Aid

UNIT-VII
SHOCK
 2 Types of shock –
 Primary shock – faintness which comes on straight after an emotional or
traumatic event – passes quite quickly with reassurance an keeping warm.
 True shock – far more serious. This comes about after a serious injury
e.g. a bad cut or fracture. The person will be close to collapse, grey in
colour and probably shaking. It is essential that they are treated in hospital.
Call an ambulance immediately.
 Key Terms
 Stress fractures – a break in the bone caused by repeated application
of a heavy load or constant pounding on a surface, such as running
 Tennis Elbow – a painful injury or inflammation of the tendon attached
to the elbow joint
 Dilated – enlarged, expanded or widened.
 Sprains – the overstretching or tearing of ligaments at a joint
 Strains – the overstretching of a muscle, rather than a joint.
UNIT-VII
GENERAL RULES TO FOLLOW

 Do not move the person unless you are sure what the injury is,
 If they are unconscious or have been you must phone an ambulance
as they must be checked.
 Look at the damaged area and see if there are any signs of injury – if
it is obvious , cuts or wounds then ask if they can move the area of
injury and stop the bleeding- by pressure with a clean cloth or
bandage.
 If there is no cut talk to the person? – does it hurt, can you move it?
Then look for swellings, misshapen areas or tenderness.
 If they feel able to stand and move on their own then they should
decide if they are able to continue – any doubts at all Stop. Playing on
can really aggravate what was a non serious injury.
 If you have had problems going through these stages then you must
get expert help straight away – big difference between first aid and
medical treatment.
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Objective Type/Multiple Choice Questions (1 Marks)
Q.1. How many physiological factors determined. Physical fitness?
(a) Two (b) Four (c) Five (d) Three
Q.2. Flexibility is not determined by which physiological factors?
(a) Muscle strength (b) Age, gender (c) Injury (d) Aerobic capacity
Q.3. Endurance is determined by which physiological factor?
(a) Aerobic capacity (b) Flexibility (c) Age, gender (d) Injuries.
Q.4. Strength is determined by which physiological factor?
(a) Body weight (b) Muscle coordination (c) Joints (d) Muscle stretching
Q.5. Match the following
1. Speed A. Age/gender
2. Strength B. Aerobic capacity
3. Endurance C Muscle size
4. Flexibility D Explosive strength
A. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A B. 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D

C. 1B, 2D, 3A, 4C D. 1A, 2B, 3D, 4C
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Q.6. Cardiac output is
A. Blood pumped by heart per minute B. Blood pumped per heart bead
C. Blood pumped per minute during intense exercise D. Blood pumped per hour.
Q.7. Taking is oxygen from the atmosphere into the body in know as?
(a) Exhalation (b) Inhalation (c) Stroke value (d) Aerobic capacity
Q.8. Intake of oxygen and given out carbon dioxide through alveoli is called?
(a) Circulation (b) Vital capacity (c) Respiration (d) Aerobic capacity
Q.9. Which of the following is a function of muscles?
(a) Oxygen intake (b) Oxygen Transport
(c) Structure and support (d) Blood flow
Q.10. Exercise not leads to
(a) Increase in size of muscles (b) Better reaction time
(c) Increased muscle speed (d) Minute volume Decreases
Q.11. Muscles consist of
(a) Voluntary muscles (b) Involuntary muscles
(c) Caradiae muscles (d) Red fibres
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Q.12. Which of the following are not signs of again
(a) Decrease in Bone Density (b) Decrease flexibility
(c) Decrease in muscle size and strength (d) Increase in flexibility
Q.13 Match the following
1. Change in Nervous system A. Calcium deficiency
2. Change in cardio - vascular system B. Slow reaction time
3. Loss in senses C. Reduction in cardiac out put
4. Change in Bone Density D. Loss of Hearing
A. 1B, 2C, 3D, 4A C. 1A, 2C, 3B, 4D

B. 1D, 2A, 3B, 4C D. 1C, 2D, 3A, 4B
Q.14. Not a Causes of sports injuries
(a) Inadequate warming up (b) Lack of sports Facilities
(c) Practice During Fatigue (d) Proper knowledge of spots skills.
Q.15. You should use Ice on a soft tissue injury after.
(a) 5 minutes (b) 10 minutes (c) 20 minutes (d) 15 minutes
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Q.16. Matching the following
1. Abrasion A. Joint lnjuries
2. Green stick fractures B. Soft tissue injuries
3. Shoulder Dislocation C. Cause of sports injuries
4. Lack of fitness D. Bone injuries
(a) 1D, 2A, 3C, 4B (b) 1B, 2A, 3C, 4D

(c) 1B, 2D, 3A, 4C (d) 1A, 2D, 3B, 4C
Q.17. An ankle sprain is an example of which type of injury.
(a) Skin (b) Hard tissue (c) Soft tissue (d) Bone
Q.18. Which of the following is not a type of fracture.
(a) Stress fracture (b) Oblique (c) Contusion (d) Commutated
Q.19. In what situations first aid is given?
(a) In case of chronic disease. (b) In case of sudden illness or injury
(c) Along with doctor’s treatment (d) Old wounds
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Q.20. Which of the following comes under first Aid.
(a) To go for doctor’s consultation. (b) Preventing blood flow from the wounds
(c) Immunization the prevent diseases (d) Surgery
1. Components of physical fitness A. Decrease in bone density
2. Effect of exercise on cardio respiratory system B. Flexibility
3. Effect of exercise on muscular system C. Increase inendurance
4. Physiological change due to old age D. Improvement in body shape
(a) 1B, 2C, 3B, 4A (b) 1C, 2D, 3A, 4B (c) 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A (d) 1A, 2C, 3B, 4D
1. Security of life A. injury of hard tissue
2. follow rules of sports B. Injury of soft tissue
3. strain C. First Aid
4. fracture D. Prevention of sports injury
(a) 1C, 2D, 3A, 4B (b) 1C, 2D, 3B, 4A

(c) 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D (d) 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)
Q.1 Discuss the physiological factors, determine the strength as a component of physical
fitness?
Q.2. Discuss the physiological factors, determine the endurance as a component of physical
fitness: (Any three)
Q.3. List down the physiological factors that affect endurance and explain any two?
Q.4. Explain the physiological factors affecting flexibility?
Q.5. State any 3 effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
Q.6. State any 3 effects of exercises on the cardiovascular system?
Q.7. Differentiate between slow twist fibre and fast twist fibre.
Q.8. Three effects if exercise on muscular system? Describe
Q.9. Describe any three physiological change due to ageing?
Q.10. Explain physiological changes in digestive, respiratory and nervous system due to
ageing?
Q.11. Explain physiological changes in muscular, circulatory and skeletal system due to
ageing?
Q.12. Define soft tissue injuries in the sports? Write its preventive measures?
Q.13. What do you mean by dislocation in joints? Explain any two dislocation in the body.
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)
Q.14. Write the signs & symptoms and treatment of dislocation.
Q.15. Enumerate the types of fractures? Write briefly about any three type of fracture?
Q.16. Discuss the causes of fracture?
Q.17. Describe three causes for sports injuries?
Q.18. How can sports injuries be prevented?
Q.19. What is the difference bone and joint injury? Explain with examples.
Q.20. Explain three sports injuries.
Q.21. Explain the objectives of first aids?
Q.22. Explain the objectives of first Aid?
Q.23. When is first Aid given? Explain the objectives of first Aid?
Q.24. When is first Aid important? Explain the objectives of first Aid in detail?
Q.25. Distinguish between oxygen intake and oxygen uptake.
Q.26. Write a short note on muscle composition & intensity of nerve impulse.
Q.27. Explain any six causes of sports injuries
Q.28. Explain any three injuries of soft tissue
UNIT-VII
QUESTIONS
Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
Q.1 Discuss how physiological factors determine flexibility?
Q.2. Describe the physiological factor determine the speed?
Q.3. What are the component of physical fitness explain one in detail?
Q.4. What factors influence the speed of a person, Discuss?
Q.5. Explain the five effect of exercise on the cardio respiratory system.
Q.6. List down the effects of exercise on cardio vascular system and explain any four?
Q.7. List the effects of exercise on muscular system and explain four in detail?
Q.8. Explain in detail the effects of exercise on muscular system?
Q.9. Elucidate Physiological change due to Ageing?
Q.10. How you will prevent injuries in sports? Or mention the tips of Preventing of Sports
Injuries
Q.11. Classified the soft tissue injuries cause & preventive measures in detail?
Q.12. Explain preventive measures that can be take in against sports injuries.
Q.13. Classify sports injuries and write down the aim of first Aid?
Q.14. What do you mean by fracture? What are the health care to be given.
Q.15. Discus the effects of exercise on cardio respiratory system
Q.16. Discuss the treatment of abrasion, contusion & laceration.
Thank
you

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PHYSICAL EDUCATION (THEORY)-STD.

Physiology & Injuries

 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DUE TO AGING

 SPORTS INJURIES: CLASSIFICATION

 FIRST AID – AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Muscle Intensity of the

2. Muscle composition- The muscle which have more fast twitch

3. Mobility of nervous system- Motor and sensory nerves of

4. Elasticity and Relaxing capacity of muscle- Through the

5. Bio-chemical Reserves and Metabolic Power- For doing the

Lactic Acid Movement Muscle

Oxygen Intake Oxygen Transport Oxygen Uptake Energy Resources

Aerobic Oxygen Oxygen

Energy Lactic Acid Movement Muscle

7.2 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Increase in heart rate:- When an individual starts exercise, his

Increase in stroke volume:- Stroke volume increases

Increase in cardiac output:- Cardiac output increases

Increase in Residual air volume:- Due to regular exercise

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Increases in blood flow:- Cardio-vascular can be distribute

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

– Change in shape and size of muscle – Muscle hypertrophy

1. Increase in shape of muscles 2. Formation of new capillaries

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Physiological Changes due to Ageing

Symptom effect of Ageing

Physiological Changes due to Ageing

3. Digestive system:- Decrease in metabolism of body composition - Reduction in HCL

5. Change in cardio- vascular system:- Weakness in cardio-vascular muscles -

6. Change in respiratory system:- Decrease in work efficiency of lungs in advancing age

7. Decrease physical fitness component Like:- Strength, speed, flexibility, endurance

Bone & Joint Injuries:

Causes, Prevention & Treatment.

Sports injuries are the stage/

TWO TYPES OF SPORTS INJURY

 Acute Injuries: are the  Chronic or Overuse

 Strains - muscle damage. These are also

Dislocations - a bone is pulled away from the normal

Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft Tissue Injuries

CONTUSION: It is a muscle injury. SPRAIN: It is a ligament injury.

ABRASION: It is a key STRAIN: It is also a muscle

Laceration, tearing of the skin that results in an irregular wound. Lacerations

Traumatic, Forceful and unnatural movements

 Dislocation of Lower Jaw