HCI – Interactive Systems – Display Devices

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Overview: Map of Human Computer Interaction
Use and Context

Social Organization and Work Human-Machine Fit and Adaptation

Application Areas
Human Computer
Dialogue Computer
Human Techniques Graphics
Information
Processing
Aa
Dialogue Dialogue
Language, Genre Architecture
Communication Input and
and Interaction Ergonomics Output Devices

Example Systems
Evaluation and Case Studies Implementation
Techniques Techniques and Tools
Design
Approaches
Development Process
What’s available for input…

• touch - fingers, feet, breath

• sound - voice, other sounds
• gesture
• gaze
• brainwaves…

Input/output/LP
 and output…

• textual information
• visual images - photos, diagrams, icons
• moving images
• sounds - music, soundfx, voice
• tactile sensation
• force feedback
• texture feedback
• smells…
What do we need to input?

Pointing
Depressing/releasing a switch - clicking
Dragging
Text input

(Can we reduce this range to "Point and click?"

Or simply a click or on-off switch?)
Keyboards

QWERTY -
Christopher Latham
Sholes, 1870's.
Designed to "slow
down" typing, to
prevent the types
from jamming.

Input/output/LP
Ergonomic keyboard design
Ergonomic keyboards

Input/output/LP
Chord keyboards

Input/output/LP
 Interactive Systems – Display Devices

• The display has become t h e primary

sour ce of f e e dba ck t o t he use r f r om
t he computer
– The displa y ha s ma ny impor t a nt
f e a t ur e s, including:
• Physical dimensions (usually t h e diagonal dimension
and depth)
• Resolution ( t h e number o f pixels available)
• Number o f available colors, color co r re ctne ss
• Luminance, c o n t r a s t , and glare
• Power consumption
• Ref re sh r a t e s (sufficient t o allow animation and
video)
• Cost
• Reliability
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Interactive Systems – Display Devices

• bitmap screens (CRT &

LCD)
• large & situated
displays digital paper

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Bitmap Screens

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 Bitmap Display

• screen is vast number of coloured

dots
 Resolution and Color Depth

• Resolution … used (inconsistently) f o r

– number o f pixels on screen (width x height)
• e.g. SVGA 1024 x 768, PDA perhaps 2 4 0 x 4 0 0
– density o f pixels (in pixels or d o ts per inch - dpi)
• typically between 7 2 and 9 6 dpi
• Aspect ratio
– ration between width and height
– 4:3 f o r most screens, 16:9 f o r wide-screen TV
• Colour depth:
– how many d i ff e r e n t colours f o r each pixel?
– black/white or greys only
– 2 5 6 from a pallete
– 8 bits each f o r r ed / g r e e n /b l ue = millions o f
colours
 Cathode ray tube

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is vacuum t ube containing

one or electronic guns, and phosphor-coated screen
used t o view images
• S t r e a m of electrons emitted from electron
gun, focused and directed by magnetic fields,
hit phosphor-coated screen which glows
• used in TVs and computer monitors electron beam
electron gun

focussing and
deflection

phosphor-
coated screen
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

CRT: UV- and IR-radiation from phosphors – hazards

Smaller, lighter, and … no radiation problems.
Found on PDAs, portables and notebooks,
… and increasingly on desktop and even f o r
home
TV also used in dedicted displays:
digital watches, mobile phones,

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 Large Displays

• used f o r meetings, lectures, etc.

• technology
plasma – usually wide screen

video walls – lots o f small screens t o g e t h e r

proj ected – RGB lights or LCD projector

 S i t u a t e d Displays

• small displays beside office doors

• handwritten notes left using stylus
•small
office owner reads notes using web
displays
interface
beside
office d o o r s

h a n d writ t e n
office o w n e r
n o t e s left
reads notes
u si ng st yl us
usi ng w e b
interface
History & Development
In 1971 Dr. Sam Hurst, founder of Elographics developed
the first touch opaque sensor “Elograph” at the University of
Kentucky.

In 1974 He developed the first real touch screen.

In 1977, Elographics developed the five-wire resistive

technology then with the backing of Siemens Corporation,
developed a curved glass sensor called the touch screen.

The new transparent technology, AccuTouch, was later

developed by the founders of Elographics, Dr. Hurst and Bill
Colwell
 Dr. Samuel Hurst

The father of the touch screen

technology is Dr. Samuel Hurst. In 1971,
while he was working as an instructor at
the University of Kentucky Research
Foundation, he had to read a great
volume of information during the
graduation exams. In an effort to save
some time he invented the first touch
sensor that he called “Еlo
graph”(electronic graphics), which
allowed him to enter data faster.
 First Touch Phone

Apple was the first with

a touch screen phone in 1983.
Jason Ford of Elo Touch
Systems, the company whose
founder invented touch screen
technology, for providing the
touch technology. In 1971, the
first "touch sensor" was
developed by Doctor Sam
Hurst.
First Touch Mobile
The Nokia 7710 is a first
touch screen mobile phone
model produced by Nokia. The
7710 is based on the Nokia
7700 which was never
released. It is Nokia's first, and
so far only smart phone to run
the Series 90 GUI a top
the Symbian OS.
Types of Touch Technologies
There are mainly 4 types of touch Technologies:-

1.Resistive

2. Capacitive

3. Infrared

4. Surface acoustic wave

 Resistive
A resistive touch screen panel is
composed of several layers, the most
important of which are two thin,
metallic, electrically conductive layers
separated by a narrow gap. When an
object, such as a finger, presses down
on a point on the panel's outer surface
the two metallic layers become
connected at that point. This causes a
change in the electrical current, which
is registered as a touch event and sent
to the controller for processing. It is
used in Grocery Stores, Hotels,
Restaurants and Retail Stores.
 Capacitive

A capacitive touch screen panel consists of an insulator such

as glass, coated with a transparent conductor such as Indium Tin
Oxide (ITO). As the human body is also a conductor, touching the
surface of the screen results in a distortion of the
body's electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance.
 Infrared

An infrared touch screen uses

an array of X-Y
infrared LED and photo
detector pairs around the edges of
the screen to detect a disruption in
the pattern of LED beams. Infra-
red bezels have proven to be a very
reliable technology for use in
ATMs, Medical Instrumentation
and Transportation Tracking
applications.
 Surface Acoustic Wave
A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave traveling
along the surface of a material exhibiting elasticity, with an
amplitude that typically decays exponentially with depth into the
material.

This kind of wave is commonly used in devices called SAW

devices in electronic circuits.

Electronic devices employing SAWs normally use one or more

inter digital transducers (IDTs) to convert acoustic waves to
electrical signals and vice versa
Introduction
Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) is the illusion of a

three-dimensional, interactive, computer-
generated reality where sight, sound,
and sometimes even touch are simulated
to create pictures, sounds, and objects that
actually seem real.
 Virtual reality and 3D
Iinteraction
The computer generated simulation of a three
dimensional image or environment that can be
interacted within a seemingly real or physical way by
a person using special electronic equipment, such as
a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted with
sensors
Why Virtual Reality in Education?

VR makes it possible to:

• Visualize and manipulate things that you cannot see in the real
world
• Take on different perspectives
• Visualize 3D concepts
• Interact in real time
• Explore dangerous situations
• Present realistic or abstract scenarios
• Promote different learning styles and teaching methods
What is VR?
• emulating the real world
• making an electronic world seem real

Interactive

• not static 3D images

• not movies
• moving within the world
• manipulating objects in the world
Types of VR?

Desktop VR
• ordinary screen, mouse or keyboard control
• polemous mouse, steering wheel, joystick

Immersive VR

• helmet/goggles, data glove

• body suit, trampoline

Physical world/VR mixes

 Educational Virtual Reality

AS Interactive Project

Additional Links: Virtual Reality Resources

VR and Visualization - Alan Dix (Staffordshire University)
Primary Interfaces (cont’d)

Whole-hand and body input

5th Glove
Handmaster
ArmMaster
TCAS Dataware
 Physical controls, sensors

• specialist controls needed …

– industrial controls, consumer products,
etc.
easy-clean
smooth buttons

multi-
function
large buttons control
clear dials

tiny buttons
 Environment and Bio Sensing

• sensors all around us

– car courtesy light – small switch on door
– ultrasound detectors – security, washbasins
– RFID security tags in shops
– temperature, weight, location

• … and even our own bodies …

– iris scanners, body temperature, heart
rate, galvanic skin response, blink rate
 Environment and Bio Sensing

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