ENLARGING TECHNIQUES

Lesson 11
 ENLARGING TECHNIQUES
After processing an exposed film into a
negative, the next step would be to turn the
negative into a positive print or copy. This
could be done by either contact printing or
projection printing. For contact printing, a
contact printer is used while in projection
printing an enlarger is needed.
FOUR ESSENTIAL PARTS OF AN
ENLARGER

1. a base and stand

2. a lamp house
3. a condenser or diffuser
4. a lens
ACCESSORIES OF THE
ENLARGER

1. a negative holder
2. easel (Paper holder)
 STEPS IN ENLARGING
1.Preparation of the darkroom, chemicals
and the enlarger.
2. Put off white light, switch on red light.
3. Place the negative in the negative holder
with the dull side of the negative facing
down.
4. Insert the negative holder into the
enlarger.
5. Switch on the enlarger’s light.
6. Adjust the easel to the desired size of the
photograph.
7. Focus the lens of the enlarger. Focusing is
done by first opening the lens diaphragm
fully. After the image has been focused,
and the density of the negative permits,
the lens of the enlarger must be stop
down a little bit.
8. Switch off the light of the enlarger.
9. Insert the photographic paper in the easel
with the shinny side facing up.
Make the exposure.
10. Immerse the exposed photographic
paper in the developer. The usual
developing time for a normally exposed
paper is about 1 to 1½ minutes.
11. Transfer the developed print in the stop
bath for about 30 seconds.
12. Place the prints in the acid fixer. The
fixing time is about 30 minutes.
13. Wash the prints in running water for
about 20 to 30 minutes.
14. Drying
15. Mounting
 REMEDYING CHEMICAL
DEFECTS IN NEGATIVES

– Underdeveloped -Intensifier
– Overdeveloped – reducer
– Stains – Stain remover
 FREQUENT FAULTS IN
PRINTING
Blurred exhibits
Muddy and mottled exhibits
Yellowish exhibits
Dark exhibits
Light exhibits
Harsh exhibits
Flat exhibits
Fogged exhibits
Blemishes on prints
Distorted prints
P. CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES
The camera should be mounted on a sturdy
tripod whenever to prevent camera
movement.
The camera should be leveled whenever
commensurate with the particular
photograph to be taken.
Crime scene views include three general
classes.
– Long views, showing general location and
conditions.
– Medium views, pinpointing a specific object of
evidence or significant segment of the crime
scene.
– Close-up views, recording position and details.
Photographs should be taken
progressively as the photographer enters
the building or room to avoid disturbing
something that might otherwise remain
unnoticed, and to maintain continuity.
Views should be taken to illustrate the
general location of the scene of the
crime. A large outdoors scene or a
matter involving several buildings may
call for any material view.
Definitely required is the view of exterior
of the building when the crime was
committed inside. It is well to include the
street number when this is possible.
7. Needed next is the complete
photographic coverage of the inferior
rooms within a crime area which show the
condition in general and relate the overall
scene to specific items and places.
8. Bodies of victims should be
photographed exactly as found from all
angles and especially from overhead when
this can be done for identification
purposes.
 - Close-up photographs, one to one, if
possible, should be taken all wounds, bruises,
discolorations and abrasions-generally with
colors.

Measuring devices such as rulers, yardstick, and

tape measures can be used to show the relative
size of and distance between objects or the
degree of magnification of an enlargement. There
should obscure any important part of the
evidence. In photographing a document for
example, the ruler a six inches (or 15 centimeter)
is placed at the bottom or just below the object
will show the relative size of objects in a
photographing exhibit.
Field notes.
-Record the date and time of arrival at the crime
scene as well as the time of departure from the scene.

-Specifically record the location area, street

number, name of building, type of scene.

-Write down the names and badge numbers of all

investigative officers present during photographing.

-Total and record the number of exposures, which

necessitates the bad negatives and be saved for the
record.

-Record specific information on each exposure.

This should include the time of taking of each pictures,
which can be expressed either using AM or PM or on
military type 24 hour scales which 3:00 PM becomes
1500 hours.
Additionally:

-Direction of camera where it

was pointed
-General statement of what
has been photographed
-Exposure to ASA rating
-Kind of film
-The lighting, whether
available, flood lamps, flash
lamps, etc.
 Problems in Fingerprint
Photography

– Black fingerprint on colored background

– White fingerprint on colored background
– Fingerprint on multi-colored background
– Fingerprint on glass
– Fingerprint on Polished metal
– Fingerprint on papers
 PROBLEMS IN QUESTIONED
DOCUMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY
On handwritings
– Sequence of crossed lines
– Writing over folds
– Differentiation of inks and pencils
– Patching
On papers
– Erasures
– Watermarks
– elimination of paper background
– Faded writing
– Restoring erased writing
– Stamped out writing
– burned papers
TYPES OF FILTERS IN BLACK AND
WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY
– Correction filter- used to change the response of the
film so that all colors are recorded at approximately
the relative brightness value seen by the eye.
– Contrast filter- used to change the relative brightness
values so that two colors which would otherwise be
recorded as nearly the same will have decidedly
different brightness in the picture.
– Haze filter- used to illuminate or reduce the effect of
serial haze.
– Neutrally density filter- used for reducing the amount
of light transmitted without changing the color values.
– Polarizing filter- used to reduce or illuminate reflection
on highly reflective surfaces.