PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Levels of Communication

1. Intrapersonal communication-
communication with oneself using internal
vocalization or reflective thinking. 
- it takes place only inside our heads
 Levels of Communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
- communication between people whose lives
mutually influence one another. 
- it can be planned or unplanned, but since it is
interactive, it is usually more structured and
influenced by social expectations than
intrapersonal communication.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication

1. Dyad Communication - it occurs between two pwople.

2. Small group - it refers to communication that involves at

least three but not more than twelve people engaging in
face to face interaction to acheive desired goal.
 Levels of Communication
3. Group Communication
- communication is more intentional and formal than interpersonal
communication. Unlike interpersonal relationships, which are voluntary,
individuals in a group are often assigned to their position within a group.
Additionally, group communication is often task focused, meaning that
members of the group work together for an explicit purpose or goal that
affects each member of the group. Goal-oriented communication at the
group level usually focuses on a task assigned to the whole group; for
example, a group of people may be tasked to figure out a plan for moving a
business from one office to another.
 Levels of Comunication

4. Public Communication
- is a sender-focused form of
communication in which one person is
typically responsible for conveying
information to an audience.
 Levels of Communication

5. Mass Communication
- when communication is transmitted to many
people through print or electronic media. Unlike
interpersonal, group, and public
communication, there is no immediate verbal
and nonverbal feedback loop in mass
communication.
 Barriers of Communication

1. Physical Barriers
- are often due to a nature of environment.
 Barriers of Communication
Factors of Physical Barriers
1. Time -
time has an important role in a communication process. Time can
impact the promptness and clarity of communication.
2. Space -
plays an important role in an oral communication situation. It can act
as a barrier to communication or act as an aid promoting good
communication. Experts classify an oral communication situation on
the basis of the distance maintained between sender and receiver as
Intimate, Personal, Official and Public.
 Barriers of Communication
Kinds of Space
- Intimate: If the distance between the two, the encoder
(sender) and decoder (receiver) is less than a foot and a
half (18 inches), the situation is labeled intimate. The
mother coddling the baby, the father and the son, or
husband and wife in a familial / private situation
communicate at an intimate level of space.
 Barriers of Communication
Personal: Friends and peer groups who are in a process of
communication maintain a distance of about two to three
feet which is personal.
Official: In official situation, the space should be at least four
to five feet depending on the message or information.
Public: The distance between the speaker (the encoder)
and the listeners (decoder, in this context an audience)
should be over ten feet, in a public situation
 Barriers of Comunication

Noise:is a physical barrier to effective communication.

Noise may have its origin from an external source or may
exist even in the communication loop. Noise distorts
messages and acts as a barrier to effective
communication. 
 Barriers of Communication
2. PERCEPTUAL BARRIERS - The problem with
communicating with others is that we all see the world
differently. Perceptual errors often result from the
preconceived ideas perceives hold about people and
situations. Most common perceptual barriers are
stereotypes, projections, and expectations.
 Barriers of Communication
3. EMOTIONAL BARRIERS - The emotional barrier is
comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion.
 Barriers of Communication
4. CULTURAL BARRIERS - Cultural barrier in
communication occurs mainly when communication
happens between two different cultural backgrounds.
 Barriers of Communication
5. LANGUAGE BARRIERS - Language may present
barriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions,
buzz-words and jargon. Communication becomes difficult in
situations where people do not understand each other’s’
language. The inability to communicate using a language is
known as language barrier to communication. Language
barriers are the most common communication barriers
which cause misunderstandings and misinterpretations
between people.
 Barriers of Communication
Causes of Language barriers
1.Difference in Language
Difference in language is the most obvious barrier to
communication as two people speaking two different languages
cannot communicate with each other. For example, an American
goes to China. The person does not understand Chinese and
most people in China do not understand English. So, when the
person speaks, the communication is worthless as the other
Chinese person doesn’t understand it.
 Barriers in Communication
2.No Clear Speech
People who speak soft or in a small voice cannot be
understood. The sender might be saying something
whereas the receiver might understand something else.
Though speaking common language, people might have
difficulty understanding the meaning of the message and
the feedbacks. This might also be a cause of obstacle in
communication.
 Barriers in Communication
1.Use of Jargons and Slang
Jargons are the technical words used in communication. It
might be different according to different professions,
specialty and technical field of a person.
For example, technical words used by doctors and lawyers
are extremely different. If they start talking, both of them will
not get what the other is talking about.
 Barriers of Communication
2.Literacy and Linguistic Ability
Some people have low vocabulary in a particular language
whereas some very high. Though literacy and education increases
the need to learn new words, it might not be the only reason. 
Likewise, linguistic ability is the capability of a person in a
particular language. If a person with high vocabulary and linguistic
ability talks with another with low ability, the second person will not
understand the words used leading to miscommunication of whole
message.
 Barriers of Communication
6. GENDER BARRIERS- There are distinct differences
between the speech patterns of men and women. A woman
speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a
man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000.
 Principles of Effective Communication
1. Clarity
Clarity makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is
absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliche expressions,
euphemisms and doublespeak language.
2.Concreteness
Concreteness reduces misunderstandings. Messages must be
supported by facts such as research data, statistics or figures. To
achieve concreteness, abstract words must be avoided.
 Principles of Effective Communication
3.Courtesy
Courtesy builds goodwill. It involves being polite in terms of
approach and manner of addressing an individual.
4.Correctness
Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of a
sentence. Also, the misuse of language can damage your
credibility.
 Principles of Effective Communication
5.Consideration
Message must be geared towards the audience. The sender of a
message must consider the recipient’s profession, level of
education, race. Ethnicity, hobbies interests passions, advocacies
and age when drafting or delivering a message.
6.Creativity
Creativity in communication means having the ability to craft
interesting messages in terms of sentence structure or word
choice.
 Principles of Effective Communication
7.Conciseness
Simplicity and directness help you to be concise. Avoid using lengthy
expression of words that may confuse the recipient.
8.Cultural Sensitivity
Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse cultures,
lifestyles, and races and the pursuit of the gender equality, cultural
sensitivity becomes an important standard for effective communication.
9.Captivating
You must strive to make messages interesting to command more
attention and better responses.
 Ethical Consideration in Communication
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on issues of
right and wrong in human affairs.
Ethical Communicators:
1.Respect audience
2.Consider the result of communication
3.Value truth
4.Use information correctly
5.Do not falsify information