Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SPC Training Material
SPC Training Material
Training Manual
Shift in Customer Expectations
Customer’s at
1970’s Today’s Customer
Lower
Improved Product Costs
product
quality
Longer Higher
Delivery Product
times Costs
Shorter Improved
Delivery product
times quality
Why SPC?
Process Output
(Q,C,D) GAP
Why this gap?
Variation Waste
Variation
UCL
Plan
_
X
LCL
Do
Special Cause
Check and Act
Steps for SPC
Need for MSA before SPC
Xbar chart
Temporary: UCL=2.69, Mean=2.40, LCL=2.10 (n=5)
2.7 UCL
2.6
2.5
2.4 Mean
2.3
2.2
LCL
2.1
Range chart
Temporary: UCL=1.07, Mean=0.50, LCL=none (n=5)
UCL
1.0
0.8
0.6
Mean
0.4
0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Different Means,
different spread
(variation)
Control Charts
• Purpose
– To help people manage systems to make the right
decisions.
• Benefits :
– Prevents over control
– Prevents under control
– Shows how the system reacts to the change.
Selection of Charts
Control Chart Format
X bar-R Chart
Calculating Control Limits for Average & Range Chart
UCL X A2 R
Control limits calculated in the normal way:
LCL X A2 R
UCL D4 R
LCL D3 R
Control Chart Constants
Sample
size A2 d2 D3 D4 E2
2/3 of the
data is
contained in
the centre 1/3
Normal distribution curve
Normal distribution.
Most common distribution.
Bell shaped.
Normal distribution curve
- - 1σ
µ
+ 1σ
+
68.26%
- 2σ 95.44% + 2σ
- 3σ + 3σ
99.73%
99.9937% + 4σ
- 4σ
- 5σ + 5σ
99.99943%
- 6σ + 6σ
99.999998%
Exercise: Histogram
Exercise: Histogram
Class Width = 2
Classes Frequency Total
34-35 8
36-37 25
38-39 31
40-41 35
42-43 20
44-45 5
46-47 1
Exercise: Histogram
Calculating Capability Indices
USL X X LSL
Z upper Z lower
ˆ ̂
0.0668 0.00023
Total out of specification = 6.68% + 0.023% =
6.703%
30-31
Capability Analysis
Calculate Cp/Cpk
48 36 42 44 1
48 36 42 43 1
48 36 42 42 1
48 36 42 41 1
48 36 42 40 1
Cp
Cpk
A
(x x) 2
n 1
Capability during Trial Runs
R
ˆ
d2
Complete a variables
Find and remove SPC for
special cause(s)
control chart
manufactured
parts - 1
Is the
process No
stable?
Yes
Improve
Complete a capability process
study using Pp and Ppk
Is the
process No
capable?
Yes
Yes
Complete an on- Find and remove
going control chart special cause(s)
Is the No
SPC for
process
stable? manufactured
parts - 2
Yes
Complete a capability Improve
study using Cp and Cpk process
Is the
Yes No
process
capable?
Understanding Control Vs. Capability
• Control • Capability
– Assess statistical – Process output meets
stability specifications
– No ‘special cause’
variation
– Only ‘common cause’
variation
Kume Matrix: Stability vs. Capability