VERTEBRATE

DEVELOPMENT
 Vertebrate originated during the
Cambrian explosion which saw a rise in
organism diversity. The vertebrate body plan
emerged in concert with extensive changes to
anterior chordate morphology, including
assembly of craniofacial skeleton, expansion
of the anterior neuroepithelium into a brain,
reorganization of the pharynx and appearance
of novel sensory systems.
 The key difference between protostomes and
deuterostomes is distinguished based on how the
blastopore develops during their embryonic
development.
Protostomes are primitive invertebrates while
deuterostomes include chordates and echinoderms.
 Protostomes Deuterostomes
 The blastopore develops  The blastopores develop
into a mouth. into an anal opening.
 It exhibits determinate  It exhibits indeterminate
cleavage. cleavage.
 The gut forms the anus by  The gut forms the mouth
tunnelling itself into the by tunnelling itself into the
embryo. embryo.
 It comprises of a solid  It comprises of a hollow
ventral cord. nerve cord.
The embryos of birds, reptiles, and mammals
produce four (4) extraembryonic membranes.

1. Amnion
2. Yolk Sac
3. Chorion
4. Allantois

In birds and other reptiles, the embryo

with its extraembryonic membranes develops
within a shelled egg.
 The amnion protects the embryo in a sac filled with
amniotic fluid.
 The yolk sac contains yolk –the sole source of food
until hatching. Yolk is a mixture of proteins and
lipoproteins.
 The chorion lines the inner surface of the shell
(which is permeable to gases) and participates in
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the embryo
and the outside air.
 The allantois stores metabolic wastes (chiefly uric
acid) of the embryo and, as it grows larger, also
participates in gas exchange.
 With these four membranes, the
developing embryo is able to carry on
essential metabolism while sealed within the
egg. Surrounded by amniotic fluid, the
embryo is kept as moist as a fish embryo in a
pond. Although common mammals do not
make a shelled egg, they do also enclose their
embryo in an amnion.
Because of this, the reptiles, birds, and
mammals are collectively referred to as the
amniota.
 THE THREE (3) GERM LAYERS

What is a germ layer?

• It is a group of cells in an embryo.

• Those layers interact with each other as the embryo
develops and will eventually give rise to all of the
organism’s organs and tissues.
• Almost all animals initially form two or three germ
layers.
 THE ECTODERM
 Gives rise to the central nervous
system (the brain and the spinal
cord),
 The peripheral nervous system,
 The sensory aphelia of the eye, ear,
and nose;
 The epidermis and its appendages
(the nails and hair);
 The mammary glands;
 The hypophysis;
 The subcutaneous glands; and
 The enamel of the teeth.
 Ectodermal development is called
neurulation in regard to nervous
system.
 THE MESODERM
 Gives rise to connective tissue,
cartilage, and bone;
 Striated and smooth muscles;
 The heart walls, blood, lymph
vessels, and cells;
 The kidneys, gonads (ovaries and
testes) and genital ducts;
 The serous membranes lining the
body cavities;
 The spleen and the suprarenal
(adrenal) cortices.
 THE ENTODERM
 Gives rise to the epithelial lining of
the gastrointestinal and respiratory
tracts;
 The parenchyma of the tonsils, the
liver, the thymus, the thyroid, the
parathyroids, and the pancreas.
 The epithelial lining of the urinary
bladder and urethra;
 And the epithelial lining in the
tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum,
and auditory tube.
Group 2 Members:
 Badiang, Princess Faith
 Bajo, Rainheart, P.
 Cabactulan, Clint John, C.
 Calacat, Randy Chester Dean, A.
 Canete, Jennie, G.
 Cano, Nathalie Rose, D.
 Celis, Ana Mae, H.
 Cruspero, April Catherine, C.
 Cuanag, Michel Angelo, C.
 Custodio, Bless Dianne, B.
 Cutillas, Nikki Jean, A.