DEVELOPMENT OF THE

Vertebrate
ZOO101 – General Zoology
Prepared and Presented by: BSP1A – Group A
 CONTENTS

01
Protostome and
Deuterostome
02 The 4 Extraembryonic
Membranes
03
The 3 Germ Layers
 01

Protostome and
Deuterostome
Distinguishing between protostome from
deuterostome groups.
 Distinguishing between Protostome from Deuterostome
01
Protostomes
• A mouth develops from the blastopore.
• The gut is tunneled into embryo and forms anus.
• Their coelom is developed by dividing the embryonic mesoderm. So they are known as
schizocoelomates.
• The anus forms as the gastrointestinal tract are channeled into the embryo.
• They don’t have archenteron development. Archenteron is a rudimentary alimentary cavity formed
during the early stages of embryo development.
• By nature, protostomes can be priapulids.
• Their nervous system consists of ventral and solid nerve cords.
• Multiple cells are involved in their cell ciliation process.
• A mouth forms at first. The anus arises secondarily.
• They have determinate cleavages. Determinate cleavage is whereby the blastomeric produced in the
early stages of development do not have capacity to develop into i dependent embryos.
• The cleavage is a spiral structure.
 Distinguishing between Protostome from Deuterostome
01
Deuterostome (clades)
• Blastopore in deuterostomes is developed into an anal opening.
• Clade of animals in which it undergoes deuterostomy during their embryonic development.
• Sister-clade of the Protostomes, and the two together with the Xenacoelomorpha form the major group of animals
called the Bilateria—a major group animals which display bilateral symmetry and are mostly triploblastic.
• The fused gametes from the male and female—the sperm and the egg—forms the zygote.
• Zygote undergoes a process called cleavage for its development.
• Cleavage involves splitting into multiple cells called blastomeres, and results in a dense ball of these cells called a
morula.
• Radial cleavage occurs, whereby the blastomeres are arranged along a central axis and is characterized by several
tiers of cells stacked on top of each other.
• Radial cleavage is one of the defining features of the deuterostome development, contrasting the spiral cleavage that
is typical of the protostomes.
• Most of the deuterostomes display indeterminate cleavage, in which the developmental fate of each cell is not
predetermined in the embryo and therefore each cell has the ability to develop into a complete embryo if isolated.
 Distinguishing between Protostome from Deuterostome
01
 02

4 extraembryonic
membranes
Four extraembryonic membranes of amniotic eggs of birds
and reptiles and the function of each membranes.
02
Amnion
The amnion protects the
embryo in a sac filled with
amniotic fluid.
4 extraembryonic
membranes
Yolk Sac
The yolk sac contains yolk
— the sole source of food
until hatching. Yolk is a
mixture of proteins and
lipoproteins.

Chorion
Allantois
The chorion lines the inner
The allantois stores

surface of the shell (which is metabolic wastes (chiefly

permeable to gases) and uric acid) of the embryo
participates in the exchange of O2 and, as it grows larger,
and CO2 between the embryo and also participates in gas
the outside air.
exchange.
 03

The 3 germ layers

The three germ layers and two organ systems
derivative of each of the germ layers.
03
The 3 germ layers

A germ layer is a group of cells in an

embryo. Those layers interact with
each other as the embryo develops. It
is formed in the earliest stages of
The Germ Layer

embryonic development. The three

germ layers are the endoderm (inner
layer), ectoderm (outer layer) and
mesoderm (middle layer), and each
germ layer gives rise to certain tissue
types in the body.
03
The 3 germ layers

endoderm
The innermost of the three primary germ layers of an
embryo that is the source of the epithelium of the
digestive tract. This layer gives rise to tissues and form
internal structure and organs.

Endoderm gives rise to certain organs, among them are

lungs and pancreas.
*Lung- is composed of endoderm derived epithelial cells
that constitute the luminal surface of the airways and
alular spaces.
*Pancreas - develops from the fusion of distinct dossal
and ventral diverticula.
03
The 3 germ layers

Mesoderm
The middle layer of the three germ layers that
develops during gastrulation in the very early
development of the embryo.

Mesoderm gives rise to the heart and muscle system

and many other organs.
*The heart forms from an embryonic times around 18
to 19 days after fertilization.
*Muscle tissue is formed in the mesoderm layer of
embryo in response to signals from fibroblast growth
factor, serum response factor and calcium.
03
The 3 germ layers
ECTODERM
Is a groups of cells that coalesce early during the
embryonic life. It gives rise to the nervous system and the
epidermis, among other tissues, and also gives rise to the
gut and many internal organs.

The ectoderm derivatives from certain organ among them

are Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous
System.
*The CNS derived from the neuroectoderm, includes the
formation of neural plate which further differentiate to
form neural folds with a neural groove in between leading
to the formation of neural tube.
*The PNS, sub specialized to form the neural ectoderm,
which gives rise to the neural tube and neural crest.
THANK YOU! HAVE A BLESSED DAY, KEEP
SAFE! GROUP A
GROUP LEADER: ACABO, GLENN IAN

Adlawan, Kyla Clier Arcena, Carmel Theres

Agoot, Mary Ann Asas, Mary Jasmin
Ampusta, Daisyrie Asoy, Sarah Jean
Anaviso, Jeremaica Auza, Aldrich
Ararao, Alleia Yzobelle Baculta, Nina Mae